EduNinja
[Maximum number: 9]

Penicillin is an antibiotic.

(a)

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming.

Name the type of microorganism that produces the antibiotic penicillin.

[ 1 ]
(b)

Penicillin is produced commercially in fermenters as shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

[ 7 ]
(i)

Describe how a fermenter can be sterilised.

[ 2 ]
(ii)

Table 1.1 shows some names of the parts of the fermenter and their functions.

Complete Table 1.1.
One row has been done for you.

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

[ 5 ]
(c)

Describe what happens to the liquid containing penicillin after it is collected from the fermenter.

[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 7]

Biotechnology is used in the process of bread-making.
Fig. 1.1 shows some of the steps in making bread.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

State the name of organism A in Fig. 1.1.

[ 1 ]
(b)
(i)

State the name of the process that occurs at step 3 that causes gas bubbles to form in the dough.

[ 1 ]
(ii)

State the name of the gas that forms to create the gas bubbles in the dough.

[ 1 ]
(c)

Explain the reasons for the different temperatures used in step 3 and step 5.

[ 2 ]
(d)

State the name of two products of biotechnology, other than bread, that make use of microorganisms.

1

2

[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 3]

Bacteria are classified in the Prokaryote kingdom.

(a)

The bacterium Bacillus megaterium was grown in the laboratory fermenter shown in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

[ 3 ]
(i)

Suggest why it is important to stir the contents of the fermenter continuously.

[ 3 ]
[Maximum number: 9]

Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

(a)

Fig. 1.1 is a flow diagram of some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

[ 9 ]
(i)

Penicillin is produced in the fermenter shown in Fig. 1.1. A variety of nutrients, X, Y and Z, are mixed together and added to the fermenter in step 1.

List two nutrients that need to be added to a fermenter to produce penicillin.
1
2

[ 2 ]
(ii)

Explain why the nutrients are sterilised (step 2) before they are added to the fermenter (step 3).

[ 1 ]
(iii)

Explain why the fermenter has a gas outflow pipe.

[ 2 ]
(iv)

Using the information in Fig. 1.1, outline the events occurring from step 4 to step 8 during the production of penicillin.

[ 4 ]
[Maximum number: 1]

Which enzyme is used to produce clear apple juice?

A

amylase

B

lipase

C

pectinase

D

protease

(a)

Some countries have invested in biofuels such as ethanol, biomass and biodiesel.

[ 2 ]
(i)

Describe how ethanol can be made by microorganisms.

[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 1]

A student places two samples of crushed apple into two beakers, P and Q. The samples are of equal size. She adds 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of pectinase solution to beaker P and 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of water to beaker Q.

After five minutes, she places the samples of crushed apple into two different filter funnels, and measures the volume of juice filtering through from each sample over a period of 10 minutes.

Which graph shows her results?

A

A

total volume of juice filtered through

B

B

C

C

D

D

[Maximum number: 1]

A student places two samples of crushed apple into two beakers, P and Q. The samples are of equal size. She adds 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of pectinase solution to beaker P and 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of water to beaker Q.

After five minutes, she places the samples of crushed apple into two different filter funnels, and measures the volume of juice filtering through from each sample over a period of 10 minutes.

Which graph shows her results?

A

A

total volume of juice filtered through

B

B

C

C

of juice filtered through

[Maximum number: 1]

A student places two samples of crushed apple into two beakers, P and Q. The samples are of equal size. She adds 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of pectinase solution to beaker P and 5 cm35 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} of water to beaker Q.

After five minutes, she places the samples of crushed apple into two different filter funnels, and measures the volume of juice filtering through from each sample over a period of 10 minutes.

Which graph shows her results?

A

A

total volume of juice filtered through

B

B

C

C

D

D

[Maximum number: 5]

Yeast is used in bread-making. It respires anaerobically, producing carbon dioxide.

(a)

Name one other industrial process that uses yeast.

[ 1 ]
(b)

During the production of penicillin, large fermenters are used. Fig. 3.2 shows a fermenter.

Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.2

[ 4 ]
(i)

Explain the functions of the following parts of the fermenter:
stirrer
water-filled jacket
probes

[ 3 ]
(ii)

The air and nutrients that are added to the fermenter are sterile.

State why they must be sterile.

[ 1 ]
0