[Maximum number: 5]
Penicillin is an antibiotic.
(a)
(i)
Explain why doctors give antibiotics to people who are ill.
[ 2 ]
(ii)
Explain why it is important to complete a full treatment of antibiotics.
[ 3 ]
(a)
Alcohol is a drug.
Define the term drug.
[ 2 ]
(b)
(i)
State two immediate effects of excessive alcohol on the body.
1
2
[ 2 ]
(ii)
State two long-term effects of excessive alcohol on the body.
1
2
[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 1]
Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.
(a)
(i)
State the name of the group of medicinal drugs that includes penicillin.
[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 3]
Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body. The pathway that nerve impulses travel along during a reflex is called a reflex arc.
(a)
Drugs such as heroin restrict the movement of impulses across synapses. Users can become addicted to heroin. When users stop taking heroin they may experience withdrawal symptoms.
[ 3 ]
(i)
State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience.
1
2
[ 2 ]
(ii)
Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.
[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 8]
Bacteria are classified as belonging to the Prokaryote kingdom.
(a)
MRSA is a type of bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics. The number of cases of MRSA identified in hospitals in the USA between 1995 and 2005 was recorded.
Fig. 2.1 shows these data.
Fig. 2.1
[ 6 ]
(i)
Describe the results shown in Fig. 2.1.
[ 2 ]
(ii)
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
[ 4 ]
(b)
The number of cases of MRSA has decreased since 2005.
Suggest reasons for this decrease.
[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 10]
Microbiologists test strains of bacteria for antibiotic resistance.
They do this by soaking paper discs in antibiotics and placing them on bacteria growing in Petri dishes.
The paper discs in the centre of Petri dishes E and F in Fig. 2.1 have been soaked in penicillin.
Fig. 2.1
(a)
State the type of microorganism that produces penicillin.
[ 1 ]
(b)
State and explain the evidence from Fig. 2.1 that suggests that the bacteria in dish F are resistant to penicillin.
[ 2 ]
(c)
(i)
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics and how humans can reduce the problem of antibiotic resistance.
[ 6 ]
(ii)
Explain why viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics.
[ 1 ]
(a)
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem worldwide.
Erythromycin is an antibiotic.
Fig. 3.1 shows the daily doses of erythromycin per 1000 people over a 13-year period.
The number of bacterial infections resistant to erythromycin per 1000 people is also shown.
Fig. 3.1
[ 13 ]
(i)
Calculate the percentage change in the number of bacterial infections resistant to erythromycin per 1000 people between 1993 and 1995.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
.
[ 3 ]
(ii)
Describe the data shown in Fig. 3.1.
[ 3 ]
(iii)
Suggest reasons for the change in the number of bacterial infections resistant to erythromycin from 1993 to 1995 shown in Fig. 3.1.
[ 2 ]
(iv)
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
[ 5 ]
(a)
A scientific paper was published in 1997 that described the effects of anabolic steroids on female athletes. Many of these athletes achieved great success in international sport competitions during the 1960s and 1970s.
Discuss the arguments against the use of anabolic steroids in sport.
[ 3 ]
[Maximum number: 2]
Heroin is a drug that acts on the nervous system.
(a)
Define the term drug.
[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 6]
Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body.
(a)
Drugs such as heroin affect the nervous system. When users stop taking heroin they may experience withdrawal symptoms.
[ 6 ]
(i)
Outline the short-term effects of heroin on the body.
[ 3 ]
(ii)
State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience.
[ 2 ]
(iii)
Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity.
[ 1 ]