EduNinjaFat is a necessary component of the human diet.
The arrows in Fig. 1.1 show the pathway of fat in part of the alimentary canal.
Fig. 1.1
State the name of
the liquid that is produced by the liver and stored by organ P in Fig. 1.1
Explain what happens to ingested fat at R in Fig. 1.1 before chemical digestion occurs.
Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens, and humans have a similar arrangement of teeth.
Fig. 1.1 shows a section through one tooth of a red panda. Fig. 1.2 shows the side view of the lower jaw of a red panda.
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
State the type of digestion that breaks down large pieces of food.
Food that sticks to the teeth can be used by bacteria for anaerobic respiration.
This type of respiration releases a substance that can cause tooth decay.
State the names of the two parts of a tooth that are dissolved by the substance released by bacterial respiration.
1
2
Two functions of the alimentary canal are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
Outline where and how mechanical digestion occurs in the alimentary canal.
Fig. 1.1 is a side view of a human skull indicating the four types of teeth and the jaws.
Fig. 1.1
State the function of human teeth.
State the name of the visible outer layer of the teeth.
Explain the process of tooth decay in humans.
Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of the human alimentary canal and associated organs.
Fig. 2.1
Describe how food eaten by humans is reduced to smaller pieces and explain how this makes chemical digestion more efficient.
You may refer to Fig. 2.1 in your answer.
The stomach lining contains cells that secrete proteins.
There are goblet cells in many parts of the alimentary canal.
State the substance that goblet cells secrete.
Emulsification of fats occurs in the alimentary canal.
Describe the process of emulsification of fats.
State the name of the organ in the alimentary canal where fats are emulsified.
Fig. 2.1 is a vertical section of a human molar tooth and surrounding structures.
Fig. 2.1
State the names of the parts labelled A to D on Fig. 2.1.
A
B
C
D
Describe and explain the function of molar teeth.
Fig. 2.2 is an X-ray of decay in a molar tooth.
Fig. 2.2
Explain how tooth decay occurs.
In which part of the body of a mammal does mechanical digestion occur?
gall bladder
liver
mouth
pancreas
The diagram shows the teeth in the lower jaw of a human.
Which tooth is a molar?
The diagram shows a person's teeth. Some of their teeth are missing.
What would the person find difficult?
biting apples
drinking water
grinding meat
tearing dry bread