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D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation

The Hardy-Weinberg equation predicts genotype frequencies from allele frequencies when a population is not evolving in evolving populations in evolving populations.

Syllabus
First assessment 2025
Objective
D4.1.13
Level
HL

Exam analysis

Chance of appearing7%of analysed past papers
Latest appearanceNovember 2025
Most common paperPaper3
Typical marks2–3

Common command terms

  • Outline
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Recent exam appearances

November 2025Paper1A ["HL"] · TZ338[ 1 ]D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation
May 2025Paper2 ["HL"] · TZ29(b)[ 3 ]D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation
May 2025Paper1B ["HL"] · TZ14(d)[ 3 ]D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation
May 2015Paper3 ["HL"] · TZ23[ 6 ]D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation
May 2014Paper3 ["HL"] · TZ12(b)(i)[ 2 ]D4.1.13 (HL)—Hardy-Weinberg equation
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Coverage 2012–2025 · Updated 16 Jul 2026

Concept essentials

  • p and q are allele frequencies that add to one.
  • p squared, two pq and q squared are expected genotype frequencies.
  • Hardy-Weinberg calculations depend on equilibrium assumptions.
ConceptIB Biology HL