EduNinjaFigure 1: Changes in atmospheric ozone concentration in Los Angeles (California, USA) over a 24-hour period.
Figure 1
State the two primary air pollutants from fossil fuels which contribute to the formation of photochemical smog.
Identify two effects of tropospheric ozone.
With reference to Figure 1:
explain why ozone concentration changes over this 24-hour period.
explain why ozone levels are highest within the valley.
Figure 6(b): Total annual sulphur dioxide and particulate emissions from smelting factories in Norilsk
With reference to Figure 6(b), identify one strategy that might have been used to achieve the trend in sulphur dioxide emissions since the early 1980s.
Figure 6(b): Total annual sulphur dioxide and particulate emissions from smelting factories in Norilsk
Figure 6(c): Vegetation damage associated with smelting factories in Norilsk
Explain the distribution of vegetation damage shown in Figure 6(c).
Figure 2 below shows some of the sources and processes that lead to acid deposition.
Figure 2
Burning fossil fuels produces gases often called and . State the names of the two acids usually produced when and dissolve in water.
Compare and contrast the trends in transport emissions for and , shown in Figure 3.
Outline how both an advance in technology and a change in human activity have reduced transport emissions of and .
Advance in technology:
Changes in human activity:
Figure 6(d): Average monthly tropospheric ozone levels in Beijing, 2014-2016
Outline one reason why levels are highest during December as shown in Figure 6(c).
Figure 6(c): Average monthly PM2.5 levels in Beijing
Figure 4: Climate of Beijing
Figure 6(b): PM2.5 and PM10 are small particles such as dust, soot and smoke suspended in air.
If inhaled, they can enter the lungs and cause coughing, asthma attacks, bronchitis, heart attacks and cancer.
WHO estimates nearly one million people in China die annually from exposure to PM2.5 and PM10.
Outline one reason for the seasonal changes in tropospheric ozone shown in Figure 6(d).
Figure 4: Climate of Beijing
State one advantage of having the safe levels of and ozone established by international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), rather than by national governments.
Figure 6(c): Average monthly PM2.5 levels in Beijing
Figure 6(b): PM2.5 and PM10 are small particles such as dust, soot and smoke suspended in air.
If inhaled, they can enter the lungs and cause coughing, asthma attacks, bronchitis, heart attacks and cancer.
WHO estimates nearly one million people in China die annually from exposure to PM2.5 and PM10.
Figure 6(a): In 2018, the Beijing Clean Air Action Plan included limiting car ownership with quotas of 100000 new car purchases per year.
Coal consumption was reduced from 30 million tonnes in 2005 to 4 million tonnes.
The plan created forested areas and green spaces including 5 urban forests, 21 green spaces, 10 leisure parks and 100 km of greenways.
Beijing has the potential to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Figure 6(e): Annual average concentrations of air pollutants in Beijing, 1998-2017
Figure 7: Transport in Beijing, 1999-2017
With reference to the information in the resource booklet, explain how the problem of acid deposition is likely to have changed since 2004.
Figure 9: Annual mean oxides of nitrogen ( \(\mathrm{NO
With reference to Figure 9, explain why the highest levels of are found in the centre of London.
Figure 9: Annual mean oxides of nitrogen ( \(\mathrm{NO
Evaluate one strategy to reduce emissions from transport.
Figure 9: Annual mean oxides of nitrogen ( \(\mathrm{NO
Figure 4(a): Green spaces in London
Identify two potential impacts of improved air quality on London and its population.
Describe the formation of tropospheric ozone.
Evaluate one management strategy for urban air pollution.
Figure 3: Concentration of atmospheric pollutants associated with photochemical smog
Vesilind, Chapter 18 - Air Pollution, Page 253, Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier (http://www.elsevier.com).]
Identify one primary pollutant from the pollutants shown in Figure 3.
Outline why the pollutant named in Question 3 (a)(i) is referred to as a primary pollutant.
Outline one reason why there is an increase in nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons early in the day.
Explain the changes in ozone concentration over the period shown in Figure 3.
State one environmental impact of the accumulation of ozone shown in Figure 3.
Outline two local conditions that may increase the severity of photochemical smog.
Outline the role of catalytic converters in reducing photochemical smog.
Figure 5: A layer of smog covering the Chilean city of Santiago
Identify one human factor that contributes to photochemical smog.
Identify one natural factor that contributes to photochemical smog.
Explain why the formation of photochemical smog may have harmful effects on the environment of cities such as Santiago (Chile).
China has large reserves of coal and has used this to enable rapid economic development. This has led to environmental problems including acid deposition.
Figure 5: The average pH value of precipitation (acid deposition) for China in 2009.
State one gas which contributes to acid deposition.
Identify two possible reasons for the pattern of acid deposition in China.
Outline two possible environmental effects of acid deposition on the areas with a pH of 5.0 or below.