(a)
Suggest one method that could have been used to estimate the tiger population.
[ 1 ]
(b)
Outline one difficulty that might be encountered in collecting this type of data.
[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 6]
The family Leporidae includes hares and rabbits. The figures show four species that can be found in western North America.
Figure 1(a): Four species of the family Leporidae
Figure 1(b): A dichotomous key for species A to D
Figure 1(c): Sagebrush ecosystem without invasive cheatgrass
Figure 1(d): Sagebrush ecosystem with invasive cheatgrass
(a)
Use Figures 1(a) and 1(b) to identify Species B and Species C.
[ 2 ]
(b)
The sagebrush ecosystem provides a habitat for pygmy rabbits. Suggest one reason why there might be a greater number of pygmy rabbits in the ecosystem shown in Figure 1(c) than in the ecosystem shown in Figure 1(d).
[ 1 ]
(c)
Describe one method to determine the impact of invasive cheatgrass on sagebrush density.
[ 3 ]
(a)
(i)
State the trophic level of the zebra.
[ 1 ]
(b)
State the type of relationship that exists between biting flies and the zebra.
[ 1 ]
(a)
Figure 2(a): Fact file on London
Figure 3: Climate graph for London
With reference to Figures 2(b) and 3, identify an ecosystem found in London.
[ 1 ]
(a)
Figure 1(c): Ecosystems of Dominica
(Figure 1(c) continued) West
Using Figure 1(c), state one ecosystem found at sea level in Dominica.
[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 1]
Figure 1(b): Map of Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada
Identify one ecosystem in Algonquin Provincial Park.
[Maximum number: 3]
The concentration of DDT at different trophic levels of the food chain.
Figure 1: Levels of concentration of DDT in food chain
(a)
(i)
State the relationship between large and small fish in Figure 1.
[ 1 ]
(ii)
Outline how this relationship may be of benefit to the populations of both species.
[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 6]
Figure 1(b): Map showing Swakop River in Namibia
Figure 4(b): Camera trap data for high and low mesquite areas
Figure 5(a): Uranium prices from 1980 to 2013
(a)
Outline two reasons why the Swakop river is considered to be ecologically important.
Figure 3(a): Ecological features of Swakop River Valley
Figure 3(c): Fact file on the Swakop water resources
[ 2 ]
(b)
With reference to the data in Figure 4(b), suggest two conclusions which can be drawn from the camera trap data.
[ 4 ]
(a)
Define the term species.
[ 1 ]
(b)
The four species shown in Figure 1 can be found in wetland ecosystems.
Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus)
newt\#/media/File:Kammmolchmaennchen.jpg, by Rainer Theuer]
Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)
Bithynia (Bithynia tentaculata)
media/File:Bithynia_tentaculata.jpg, by Michal Maňas]
[ 3 ]
(i)
Construct a classification key to identify these animals by entering appropriate contrasting features and the names of the organisms to complete the table below:
[ 2 ]
(ii)
State one limitation of using a key to identify organisms.
[ 1 ]
(c)
Avocets, seen in Figure 2, often gather in large populations of up to a few thousand birds before migrating.
Figure 2
Describe a method to estimate the size of an avocet population.
[ 3 ]
(d)
Oystercatchers and avocets both feed on small animals in the mud of the wetlands. State the most likely relationship between these two species.
[ 1 ]
(a)
(i)
Estimate the number of people in the 15 to 19 age group in the population pyramid in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Population pyramid for Zambia, 2014
[ 1 ]