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Figure 6(b): Total annual sulphur dioxide and particulate emissions from smelting factories in Norilsk
With reference to Figure 6(b), identify one strategy that might have been used to achieve the trend in sulphur dioxide emissions since the early 1980s.
Figure 6(c): Vegetation damage associated with smelting factories in Norilsk
Explain the distribution of vegetation damage shown in Figure 6(c).
Figure 6(a): In 2018, the Beijing Clean Air Action Plan included limiting car ownership with quotas of 100000 new car purchases per year.
Coal consumption was reduced from 30 million tonnes in 2005 to 4 million tonnes.
The plan created forested areas and green spaces including 5 urban forests, 21 green spaces, 10 leisure parks and 100 km of greenways.
Beijing has the potential to reach net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Figure 6(e): Annual average concentrations of air pollutants in Beijing, 1998-2017
Figure 7: Transport in Beijing, 1999-2017
With reference to the information in the resource booklet, explain how the problem of acid deposition is likely to have changed since 2004.
Figure 4(a): Green spaces in London
Figure 9: Annual mean oxides of nitrogen ( \(\mathrm{NO
With reference to Figure 9, explain why the highest levels of are found in the centre of London.
Evaluate one strategy to reduce emissions from transport.
Identify two potential impacts of improved air quality on London and its population.
Figure 3: Concentration of atmospheric pollutants associated with photochemical smog
Vesilind, Chapter 18 - Air Pollution, Page 253, Copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier (http://www.elsevier.com).]
Identify one primary pollutant from the pollutants shown in Figure 3.
Outline why the pollutant named in Question 3 (a)(i) is referred to as a primary pollutant.
Outline one reason why there is an increase in nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons early in the day.
Explain the changes in ozone concentration over the period shown in Figure 3.
State one environmental impact of the accumulation of ozone shown in Figure 3.
Outline two local conditions that may increase the severity of photochemical smog.
Outline the role of catalytic converters in reducing photochemical smog.
Figure 5: A layer of smog covering the Chilean city of Santiago
Identify one human factor that contributes to photochemical smog.
Identify one natural factor that contributes to photochemical smog.
Explain why the formation of photochemical smog may have harmful effects on the environment of cities such as Santiago (Chile).
Outline two factors that affect the frequency and severity of photochemical smog in an area.
Evaluate strategies to manage regional acid deposition using the pollution management model.
Urban air pollution can become a problem as human populations develop. Evaluate urban air pollution management strategies at the three levels of intervention.