EduNinja
[Maximum number: 5]

The flatback turtle, Natator depressus, is an endangered species that nests on northern Australian beaches.

Fig. 1.1 shows a flatback turtle.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

Each female lays approximately 50 eggs per nest, which is a smaller number than all other species of marine turtle. The eggs are buried in the sand and when the hatchlings emerge each has a mass of approximately 43 g . Unlike most marine turtles, flatback turtles spend most of their time in coastal waters. This is where they feed and mate.

Fig. 1.2 shows the numbers of female flatback turtles nesting on a beach in northern Australia between 1993 and 2002.
number of female turtles nesting

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.2

(a)

Suggest ways in which the flatback turtle could be protected.

[ 5 ]
[Maximum number: 8]

The Sumatran tiger lives on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.
Fig. 1.1 shows a Sumatran tiger.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's largest global environmental organisation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ™ { }^{\text {™ }} evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species.
The Sumatran tiger is categorised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. There are approximately 400 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.

Suggest reasons why the Sumatran tiger has become critically endangered.

[ 3 ]
(b)

Some zoos in Europe have captive breeding programmes for the Sumatran tiger, which breeds well in captivity. Once cubs have reached maturity they may be moved to other zoos. For example, as part of a coordinated breeding programme carried out in 2013, one tiger born in Chester Zoo in England was moved to France and another tiger born in the same zoo was moved to Germany. This type of coordinated breeding programme is essential for the survival of the Sumatran tiger.

Explain why it is important to the gene pool of Sumatran tigers to move tigers from one zoo to another.

[ 3 ]
(c)

Some animals do not breed well in captivity.

List the methods of assisted reproduction that may be used with animals that do not breed well in captivity.

[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 4]

The Sulawesi macaque, Macaca nigra, is found on the large island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. The Sulawesi macaque is also found on other smaller islands close to Sulawesi, such as the island of Bacan.

Fig. 1.1 shows a Sulawesi macaque.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

Suggest ways of protecting the Sulawesi macaque.

[ 4 ]
[Maximum number: 5]

The Bali starling, Leucopsar rothschildi, is found on the island of Bali, Indonesia.
Fig. 1.1 shows a Bali starling.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's largest global environmental organisation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM { }^{\text {TM }} evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species.

The Bali starling is categorised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, which means that it is nearly extinct in the wild.

The Bali starling is protected by Indonesian law and trapping of the birds for sale as pets is illegal. In 2001 there were only six Bali starlings in the wild and about 1000 in captivity.

[ 5 ]
(i)

Suggest reasons, other than the trapping of the birds for sale as pets, for the very low numbers of Bali starlings in the wild.

[ 3 ]
(ii)

Describe the roles zoos can take in the protection of the Bali starling.

[ 2 ]
[Maximum number: 5]

The Visayan warty pig, Sus cebifrons, is found on two islands in the Philippines.
Fig. 1.1 shows a female Visayan warty pig with her young.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's largest global environmental organisation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ™ { }^{\text {™ }} evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species.

The Visayan warty pig is categorised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List, which means that it is nearly extinct in the wild.

There are now only approximately 200 Visayan warty pigs in the Philippines.
Visayan warty pigs live in areas of dense forest that may be close to human habitation.

[ 5 ]
(i)

Suggest two reasons why the Visayan warty pig is critically endangered.

[ 2 ]
(ii)

Describe the role of zoos in the protection of the Visayan warty pig.

[ 3 ]
(a)

The aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis, is a primate native to Madagascar. Aye-ayes are nocturnal (active at night) and make their nests high up in trees. They feed on insect larvae in the trunks of trees.

Fig. 1.1 shows an aye-aye.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's largest global environmental organisation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species TM { }^{\text {TM }} evaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species.

The aye-aye is categorised as endangered on the IUCN Red List, which means that it faces a very high risk of becoming extinct in the wild.

[ 4 ]
(i)

Suggest one reason why aye-ayes have become endangered.

[ 1 ]
(ii)

Suggest ways in which zoos may help to protect this species from extinction.
Question 1 continues on page 4

[ 3 ]
[Maximum number: 4]

The Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, is an endangered mammalian species of Southern Asia. It lives mostly in a forest habitat.

Fig.1.1 shows a Bengal Tiger.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

Suggest methods to conserve the Bengal Tiger.

[ 4 ]
[Maximum number: 4]

The Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis, is a member of the Canidae family of carnivores.
Fig. 1.1 shows an Ethiopian wolf.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

The Ethiopian wolf is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). It publishes an annual list of endangered species called the Red List.

Complete Table 1.1 to summarise four of the main reasons, with further explanation, as to why the Ethiopian wolf has become an endangered species.

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

[ 4 ]
[Maximum number: 4]

The natterjack toad, Bufo calamita, is an endangered amphibian species in the UK. It comes out of hibernation in April and breeds in pools by sand dunes along parts of the UK coast. A young natterjack toad will take about 10 weeks to develop from a fertilised egg. A natterjack toad feeds at night, by running at its prey, mainly insects and worms, on the sand dunes.

Fig. 1.1 shows a natterjack toad.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

(a)

Suggest what may have caused the natterjack toad to become an endangered species in the UK.

[ 3 ]
(b)

Each year the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) publishes a list of endangered species called the Red List. The Red List has a very high proportion of vertebrates compared to invertebrates.

Suggest one reason why the Red List has many more vertebrates than invertebrates.

Question 2 starts on page 6

[ 1 ]
[Maximum number: 3]

The polar bear, Ursus maritimus, lives in the Arctic regions of the USA, Canada, Norway and Russia. Polar bears move across the Arctic ice sheet to hunt prey such as seals.

Fig. 1.1 shows a polar bear.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

The area over which the Arctic ice sheet extends varies throughout the year.
Fig. 1.2 shows the variation in the extent of the Arctic ice sheet for the months of July to November for the years 1979 and 2009.

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.2

(a)

In 2008 the government of the USA classified U. maritimus as an endangered species because it is under threat of extinction.

Suggest what has caused U. maritimus to have become endangered.

[ 3 ]
0