Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in carbon compounds • Photoautotrophs use chlorophyll in chloroplasts or cyanobacterial membranes
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Learning objective
• Carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate using hydrogen from water • Glucose represents the main stored product, though many compounds are synthesized
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Learning objective
• Oxygen is released from photolysis of water, not directly from CO₂ • Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
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Learning objective
• Paper chromatography separates chlorophylls and accessory pigments • Rf values compare pigment movement relative to solvent front
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Learning objective
• Chlorophyll and accessory pigments absorb specific wavelengths • Absorbed light excites electrons for light-dependent reactions
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Learning objective
• Absorption spectra show wavelengths absorbed by pigments • Action spectra show wavelengths most effective for photosynthesis rate
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Learning objective
• Light intensity, CO₂ concentration, and temperature can limit photosynthesis • Investigations change one variable and estimate rate from O₂ production or CO₂ uptake
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Learning objective
• CO₂ enrichment tests whether increased CO₂ raises photosynthesis or growth • Greenhouse and FACE experiments compare realistic crop and ecosystem responses
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Learning objective
• Photosystems are pigment-protein arrays in thylakoid membranes • Antenna pigments pass energy to reaction-centre chlorophyll
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Learning objective
• Pigment arrays broaden wavelength absorption and funnel energy efficiently • A single chlorophyll molecule cannot sustain the full light reaction system
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Learning objective
• Photosystem II uses light energy to split water • Photolysis supplies replacement electrons, protons, and oxygen
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Learning objective
• Electron transport pumps protons into the thylakoid space • Proton flow through ATP synthase produces ATP by photophosphorylation
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Learning objective
• Photosystem I re-excites electrons for NADP reduction • NADP accepts electrons and H⁺ to form reduced NADP/NADPH
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Learning objective
• Thylakoids organize photosystems, electron carriers, and ATP synthase • Key outputs on the stromal side are ATP and reduced NADP
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Learning objective
• Rubisco fixes CO₂ to RuBP, forming glycerate 3-phosphate • Rubisco is abundant but slow and limited by low CO₂
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Learning objective
• Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate • ATP supplies energy and reduced NADP supplies hydrogen
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Learning objective
• Most triose phosphate regenerates RuBP so the Calvin cycle continues • ATP is required for regeneration of the CO₂ acceptor
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Learning objective
• Triose phosphate is converted into sugars, starch, lipids, and organic acids • Mineral nutrients allow synthesis of amino acids and other compounds
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Learning objective
• Light-dependent reactions supply ATP and reduced NADP for the Calvin cycle • The Calvin cycle returns ADP and NADP and depends on CO₂/hydrogen carbonate availability
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