IGCSE Chemistry Extended 1.1.2—Structures of solids, liquids and Topic Practice

• Describe structures of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and motion

Which process causes the greatest increase in the distance between particles?
A condensation
B freezing
C melting
D sublimation

[Maximum number: 1]

Sodium chloride is a liquid at $900^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ .
Which row describes the arrangement and the motion of the particles in sodium chloride at $900^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ?

arrangement

of particles

motion

of particles

regular

vibrate about a fixed point

regular

move randomly

random

vibrate about a fixed point

random

move randomly

[Maximum number: 1]

When smoke particles are observed with a microscope they are seen to move around randomly. This is called Brownian motion.

What causes Brownian motion?

diffusion of the smoke particles

molecules in the air hitting the smoke particles

sublimation of the smoke particles

the smoke particles hitting the walls of the container

[Maximum number: 1]

The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.

Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide.
Which row describes the initial and final states?

initial

state

final

state

[Maximum number: 3]

This question is about states of matter.

Complete the table, using ticks $(\checkmark)$ and crosses (X), to describe the properties of gases, liquids and solids.

[Maximum number: 3]

Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state.
separation
arrangement
motion

(a)

Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.

[ 5 ]

(i)

What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?

[ 1 ]

(ii)

Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.

[ 2 ]

(iii)

Explain why the dust particles move in this way.

[ 2 ]

[Maximum number: 6]

Particles behave differently when in different physical states.

Complete the table to show the separation, arrangement and movement of particles in each physical state.

[Maximum number: 1]

Which description of Brownian motion is correct?

random movement of particles due to bombardment by larger particles

random movement of particles due to bombardment by smaller particles

random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

random movement of particles from a low concentration to a high concentration

In which state does $1 \mathrm{dm}^{3}$ of methane contain the most particles?
A gas at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
B gas at room temperature
C liquid
D solid

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