Explore how vaccine antigens or RNA instructions activate lymphocytes, antibodies and memory cells for active artificial immunity in IB Biology HL C3.2.16.
Some prokaryotes cause infectious disease in humans. Explain the principles of vaccination.
vaccines contain a dead / weakened form of the pathogen / bacteria / virus;
vaccine introduced to the body by injection / on surface of skin / orally;
antigens in the vaccine cause antibody production;
antigen / pathogen engulfed by macrophage / phagocyte;
each type of lymphocyte recognizes specific antigen;
macrophages activate helper T-cells;
helper T-cells activate B-cells;
B-cells divide to form clones / memory cells;
B-cells divide to form plasma cells / antibody producing cells;
result is (specific) immunity;
vaccination / first exposure causes slow production of antibodies and lower level of antibodies;
contact with the disease leads to rapid production and higher level of antibodies;
second / booster shot to stimulate memory cells / more production of antibodies.
These ideas can be illustrated on a diagram or graph.