Practise IB Biology HL 3.2.16 by relating vaccine antigens to active immunity, memory-cell formation and secondary responses in disease-control data.
Some prokaryotes cause infectious disease in humans. Explain the principles of vaccination.
vaccines contain a dead / weakened form of the pathogen / bacteria / virus;
vaccine introduced to the body by injection / on surface of skin / orally;
antigens in the vaccine cause antibody production;
antigen / pathogen engulfed by macrophage / phagocyte;
each type of lymphocyte recognizes specific antigen;
macrophages activate helper T-cells;
helper T-cells activate B-cells;
B-cells divide to form clones / memory cells;
B-cells divide to form plasma cells / antibody producing cells;
result is (specific) immunity;
vaccination / first exposure causes slow production of antibodies and lower level of antibodies;
contact with the disease leads to rapid production and higher level of antibodies;
second / booster shot to stimulate memory cells / more production of antibodies.
These ideas can be illustrated on a diagram or graph.
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