EduNinja

EduNinja

1. Cell Structure

1.1 The Microscope in Cell Studies

1.2 Cells as Basic Units of Living Organisms

2. Biological Molecules

2.1 Testing for Biological Molecules

2.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids

2.2.1—α-glucose and β-glucose rings

2.2.2—Biological molecule terminology

2.2.3—Role of covalent bonds in forming polymers

2.2.4—Reducing and non-reducing sugars

2.2.5—Glycosidic bonds

2.2.6—Molecular structure of polysaccharides

2.2.7—Triglycerides

2.2.8—Phospholipids

3. Enzymes

3.1 Mode of Action

3.2 Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

4. Cell Membranes and Transport

4.1 Fluid Mosaic Membranes

4.2 Movement Into and Out of Cells

5. The Mitotic Cell Cycle

5.1 Replication and Division

5.2 Chromosome Behaviour in Mitosis

6. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

6.1 Structure of Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication

6.2 Protein Synthesis

7. Transport in Plants

7.1 Structure of Transport Tissues

7.2 Transport Mechanisms

8. Transport in Mammals

8.1 The Circulatory System

8.2 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

9. Gas Exchange

9.1 The Gas Exchange System

10. Infectious Diseases

10.1 Infectious Diseases

10.2 Antibiotics

11. Immunity

11.1 The Immune System

11.2 Antibodies and Vaccination

Practical assessment skills

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills

Mathematical and statistical skills

AS and A Level mathematical requirements

A-Level CAIE Biology AS 2.2.8—Phospholipids Question Bank

2.2.8—Phospholipids

• Phospholipids: hydrophilic phosphate heads, hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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