Explore how ATP hydrolysis powers membrane pumps, anabolic synthesis and movement such as muscle contraction and chromosome transport in IB Biology HL C1.2.2.
Monosaccharides can be used to make polysaccharides, and can also be combined with other types of carbon compound to form molecules such as nucleotides.
Outline, with examples, the wide range of uses of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells.
a. movement of cells/chromosomes and example of movement;
b. movement of flagellum/cilium;
c. endocytosis/exocytosis;
d. detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments / myosin heads change their angle/become cocked;
e. active transport and example of use of active transport;
f. anabolic reactions / polymerization example / example of synthesizing macromolecules;
g. generation of heat and to provide optimum temperature for enzyme activity / in homeostasis / to maintain body temperature;
h. phosphorylation of substrates in glycolysis;
i. phosphorylation of substrates in photosynthesis light-independent reaction/Calvin cycle;
For a. accept descriptions of cells (e.g. amoeboid phagocyte moving to site of infection) or chromosomes (e.g. anaphase, chromosomes moving to opposite poles).
For d. ignore 'muscle contraction'.
For e. E.g. sodium-potassium pump (in neurons) / maintaining resting potential in neurons / generation of root pressure / villus epithelial cells / selective reabsorption in kidney.
For e. do not accept transport of large molecules as example.
For f. accept examples such as DNA replication / transcription / translation / and other examples of formation of macromolecules.
For h. accept phosphorylation of glucose (to glucose-6-phosphate) or phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate (to fructose 1,6-biphosphate).
For i. accept formation of triose phosphate and formation of ribulose bisphosphate (regeneration of RuBP).