Edexcel IAL Chemistry A2 12.13 Born–Haber cycles
Edexcel IAL Chemistry A2 12.13 Born–Haber cycles
Write every species with state and stoichiometry, split multi-electron or atomisation steps correctly and apply Hess signs according to arrow direction.
How this is tested
- Complete Born–Haber cycles with correct species, states, coefficients and labelled arrows.
- Identify whether an arrow represents one process or a sum of energy changes.
- Calculate a missing lattice, atomisation, ionisation or electron-affinity value from the cycle.