Practise IB Biology HL B3.3 by linking sarcomere contraction and joint mechanics with ventilation, migration and marine-mammal swimming adaptations.
The bird known as the blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) traditionally migrates from its summer breeding grounds in Central Europe to Spain and Portugal for the winter. State two adaptive advantages of bird migration.
The diagram shows a section through part of the leg of an insect and antagonistic muscles X and Y. The tibia moves in the direction shown by the arrow when the muscle is flexing.
Outline a reason for the muscles being described as antagonistic.
Describe the role of muscle Y.
Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.
Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
What happens when an action potential reaches motor end plates?
Calcium ions are absorbed by the muscle fibres.
The sarcomeres relax.
Neurotransmitter is released.
Action potential is passed to the neuron.
The diagram shows a section through part of the leg of an insect and antagonistic muscles X and Y. The tibia moves in the direction shown by the arrow when the muscle is flexing.
Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction.
The diagram shows a section through part of the leg of an insect and antagonistic muscles X and Y. The tibia moves in the direction shown by the arrow when the muscle is flexing.
Outline how the muscle attachment of insects differs from humans.
What is the role of the joint capsule in an elbow joint?
It seals the joint to retain the synovial fluid.
It provides a point of attachment for muscles.
It produces cartilage to reduce friction during movement.
It directs the formation of bone tissue during growth and development.
What is the difference between movement of the knee joint and hip joint?
The knee only allows flexion whereas the hip allows flexion and extension.
The knee allows more rotation than the hip.
The knee is used to walk forwards whereas the hip is used for running around corners.
The knee allows movement in one plane whereas the hip allows movement in three planes.
What occurs during inspiration?
Internal intercostal muscles contract, increasing the pressure in the thorax.
Internal intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.
External intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.
External intercostal muscles contract, increasing the pressure in the thorax.
Pinnipeds are marine mammals with fins or flippers and include fur seals and sea lions. Some pinnipeds forage for prey near the surface (epipelagic) while others forage on the bottom of the sea (benthic). The graph shows the foraging behaviour and the relative time spent diving while at sea for five pinniped species.
Different species are able to store different amounts of oxygen in their muscle tissues in preparation for diving. The graph shows the relationship between typical dive duration and oxygen storage in tissues in the same five species.
State the oxygen stores for a New Zealand sea lion for a dive of 3.4 minutes.