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IB Biology HL B2.2 Organelles and Compartmentalization Questions

Practise IB Biology HL B2.2 by linking compartmentalization, nuclear gene expression and protein pathways to organelle structures for respiration and photosynthesis.

Syllabus
First assessment 2025
Course
Biology HL
Level
HL

Exam points

  • Identify the nucleus and membrane-bound organelles as discrete eukaryotic structures, distinguishing them from prokaryotic cell components.
  • Distinguish transcription in the nucleus from translation in the cytoplasm, including each process’s product and machinery.
  • Explain how compartmentalization concentrates enzymes and substrates, provides suitable local pH, separates incompatible processes and confines acidic digestion in lysosomes.
  • Relate mitochondrial cristae surface area, the intermembrane proton gradient and matrix enzymes to respiration and ATP production.
  • Identify grana, thylakoids and stroma in chloroplasts and relate thylakoid proton accumulation and stroma enzymes to photosynthesis.
  • Explain the benefit of the double nuclear envelope, including its breakdown into vesicles during mitosis.
  • Distinguish free from rough-ER-bound ribosomes by protein destination, and identify polysomes when interpreting cell diagrams.
  • Trace protein processing from rough ER to Golgi modification, sorting and vesicle delivery to lysosomes, membranes or secretion.
  • Use vesicle diagrams to identify exocytosis of enzyme cargo and explain how clathrin helps form coated vesicles by indenting the membrane.

Covered syllabus points

B2.2.1—Organelles as discrete subunitsB2.2.2—Nucleus-cytoplasm separationB2.2.3—Advantages of compartmentalizationB2.2.4 (HL)—Mitochondrion adaptationsB2.2.5 (HL)—Chloroplast adaptationsB2.2.6 (HL)—Nuclear membrane benefitsB2.2.7 (HL)—Free ribosomes vs. rough ERB2.2.8 (HL)—Golgi apparatusB2.2.9 (HL)—Vesicles in cells

Question 1

[Maximum number: 4]

Testis cells are eukaryotic cells. Identify the structures seen under the electron microscope in testis cells that are not present in prokaryotic cells.

Question 2

[Maximum number: 4]

Nitrogen is part of many important substances in living organisms.

Distinguish between transcription and translation.

Question 3

[Maximum number: 4]

The structure of membranes allows them to carry out many functions in cells.

Discuss the use of membranes for compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.

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