EduNinja

EduNinja

12. Energy and Respiration

12.2 Respiration

13. Photosynthesis

13.1 Photosynthesis as Energy Transfer Process

13.2 Investigation of Limiting Factors

14. Homeostasis

14.1 Homeostasis in Mammals

14.2 Homeostasis in Plants

15. Control and Coordination

15.1 Control and Coordination in Mammals

15.2 Control and Coordination in Plants

16. Inheritance

16.1 Passage of Information from Parents to Offspring

16.2 The Roles of Genes in Determining Phenotype

16.3 Gene Control

17. Selection and Evolution

17.2 Natural and Artificial Selection

18. Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation

18.1 Classification

18.2 Biodiversity

18.3 Conservation

19. Genetic Technology

19.1 Principles of Genetic Technology

19.1.1—Recombinant DNA definition

19.1.2—Genetic engineering and gene expression

19.1.3—Sources of genes

19.1.4—Enzymes and vectors in gene transfer

19.1.5—Promoter transfer alongside desired gene

19.1.6—Marker genes for gene expression

19.1.7—Gene editing by insertion, deletion or replacement

19.1.8—PCR to clone and amplify DNA

19.1.9—Gel electrophoresis

19.1.10—Microarrays in genome analysis

19.1.11—Sequence and protein databases

19.2 Genetic Technology Applied to Medicine

19.3 Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture

Practical assessment skills

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

Mathematical and statistical skills

AS and A Level mathematical requirements

A Level only mathematical and statistical requirements

A Level formula reference and statistics notes

A-Level CAIE Biology A2 19.1.3—Sources of genes Question Bank

19.1.3—Sources of genes

• Gene sources:

- Extracted from donor DNA

- Synthesised from donor mRNA

- Synthesised chemically from nucleotides

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