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CAIE IGCSE Biology 2.1 Cell Structure Questions

Practise identifying plant, animal and bacterial cells, linking structures to functions, and applying specialisation, cell division and levels of organisation.

Syllabus
2026–2028
Course
Biology 0610

Exam points

  • Identify and compare plant, animal and bacterial cell structures from diagrams, photomicrographs or tables, including shared and distinctive structures.
  • Link cell structures to their functions, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, membranes and cell walls.
  • Distinguish bacterial or prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells using circular DNA, plasmids, the absence of a nucleus and the absence of membrane-bound organelles.
  • Explain how specialised cell structures support functions, including root-hair absorption, palisade photosynthesis and neurone impulse conduction.
  • State that cell division of an existing cell produces new daughter cells.
  • Define tissues and organs, and order cell, tissue, organ, organ system and organism when classifying biological examples.

Covered syllabus points

2.1.1—Structure of a plant cell2.1.2—Structure of a bacterial cell2.1.3—Identify cell structures2.1.4—Functions of cell structures2.1.5—Cell division makes new cells2.1.6—Specialised cell functions2.1.7—Meaning of the terms: cell, tissue

Question 1

[Maximum number: 1]

Fig. 6.1 shows some cells from the shoot tip of an onion, Allium cepa.

Fig. 6.1

Fig. 6.1

State the evidence visible in Fig. 6.1 that identifies the cells of A. cepa as plant cells.

Question 2

[Maximum number: 2]

State two cell structures found in both animal and bacterial cells.
1
2

Question 3

[Maximum number: 4]

The lungs and the kidneys are part of the excretory system of mammals.

Question (a)

(a)

The filtrate which is formed from the blood in the kidneys contains many useful substances, which are reabsorbed into the blood.

Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of some of the cells that carry out reabsorption.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

[ 4 ]

Question (i)

(i)

Complete the table by stating the letter in Fig. 1.1 that identifies each structure.

Table for Question (i) — CAIE IGCSE Biology
[ 3 ]

Question (ii)

(ii)

State one function of the nucleus.

[ 1 ]

Question 4

[Maximum number: 3]

The lungs and the kidneys are part of the excretory system of mammals.

The filtrate which is formed from the blood in the kidneys contains many useful substances, which are reabsorbed into the blood.

Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a cross-section of some of the cells that carry out reabsorption.

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1

Complete the table by stating the letter in Fig. 1.1 that identifies each structure.

Table for Question 4 — CAIE IGCSE Biology

Question 5

[Maximum number: 1]

In addition to sucrose, amino acids are also transported in plants.

State the name of the structures inside cells that assemble amino acids into proteins.

Question 6

[Maximum number: 2]

Fig. 6.2 shows a plant tissue in which cells are dividing by mitosis.

Fig. 6.2

Fig. 6.2

Cell K is about to divide into two cells.

State the structures that will form between the nuclei so that the cell divides into two cells.

Question 7

[Maximum number: 5]

Fig. 3.1 shows a drawing of a root hair cell and Fig. 3.2 shows a drawing of a palisade cell.

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.2

Explain the reasons for the difference in the numbers of mitochondria and chloroplasts between the root hair cell and the palisade cell, shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.

mitochondria

chloroplasts

Question 8

[Maximum number: 1]

What is a leaf?

A

a cell

B

an organ

C

an organ system

D

a tissue

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