CAIE IGCSE Biology 10 Diseases & Immunity

1 (vaccine contains) harmless / attenuated / dead / AW, form of, (named) pathogen / antigen ;

2 (antigens/vaccine) stimulate an immune response ;

3 ref to lymphocytes ;

4 lymphocytes / white blood cells, make antibodies ;

5 ref to specificity ;

6 production of memory cells ;

7 rapid, immune response / AW, if exposed to same, pathogen / antigen ;

8 gives long-term immunity ;

9 AVP ;

1 bacteria may still be present (in the population) ;

2 in carriers / in people who have no symptoms ;

3 infected people moving into the, country / area / AW ;

4 if few people are, immune / vaccinated, bacterium is more likely to be transmitted ;

5 idea of herd immunity ;

6 some people cannot respond to, antigens / vaccines ;

7 protects people who travel to other countries ;

8 booster vaccinations are sometimes required) / AW ;

MP5 A new people arriving in a
country (who are not vaccinated)
MP6 e.g. people with
HIV / babies / elderly

1 antibodies are made of protein ;

2 proteins / antibodies, are digested / denatured, in the alimentary canal ;

3 direct route to site of infection ;

1 no (active) immune response ;

2 no memory cells ;

3 antibodies are broken down in the body ;

4 antibodies are not made by body's own lymphocytes ;

food ;

contaminated surfaces ;

animals ;

air ;

water ;

soil ;

skin / epidermis ;

hairs in nose ;

mucous membrane ;

mucus ;

ear wax ;