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17.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins

State that chromosomes are made of DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of genes

Define a gene as a length of DNA that codes for a protein

Define an allele as an alternative form of a gene

Describe the inheritance of sex in humans with reference to X and Y chromosomes

State that the sequence of bases in a gene determines the sequence of amino acids used to make a specific protein (knowledge of the details of nucleotide structure is not required)

Explain that different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to protein molecules

Explain that DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins, including enzymes, membrane carriers and receptors for neurotransmitters

Explain how a protein is made, limited to: • the gene coding for the protein remains in the nucleus • messenger RNA (mRNA) is a copy of a gene • mRNA molecules are made in the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm • the mRNA passes through ribosomes • the ribosome assembles amino acids into protein molecules • the specific sequence of amino acids is determined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA (knowledge of the details of transcription or translation is not required)

Explain that most body cells in an organism contain the same genes, but many genes in a particular cell are not expressed because the cell only makes the specific proteins it needs

Describe a haploid nucleus as a nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes

Describe a diploid nucleus as a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes

State that in a diploid cell, there is a pair of each type of chromosome and in a human diploid cell there are 23 pairs

Objective notes

12 learning objectives

ConceptIGCSE Biology