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9. Transport in animals

Syllabus
0610–2026–2027
Section
9
Level
—

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In this section

Topic 9.1

9.1 Circulatory systems

Objectives in this topic

9.1.1—Circulatory system as a system

  • Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

9.1.2—Single circulation of a fish

  • Describe the single circulation of a fish

9.1.3—Double circulation of a mammal

  • Describe the double circulation of a mammal

9.1.4—Advantages of a double circulation

  • Explain the advantages of a double circulation

Topic 9.2

9.2 Heart

Objectives in this topic

9.2.1—Structures of the mammalian heart

  • Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to: muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles, left and right atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries

9.2.2—Blood is pumped away from the heart

  • State that blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries and returns to the heart in veins

9.2.3—Activity of the heart may be monitored

  • State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by: ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing

9.2.4—Effect of physical activity on

  • Investigate and describe the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

9.2.5—Coronary heart disease in terms

  • Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including: diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and sex

9.2.6—Roles of diet and exercise in reducing

  • Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease

9.2.7—Atrioventricular and semilunar valves

  • Identify in diagrams and images the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart

9.2.8—Relative thickness of: (a) the muscle

  • Explain the relative thickness of: (a) the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles (b) the muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles

9.2.9—Importance of the septum in separating

  • Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

9.2.10—Heart function

  • Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves

9.2.11—Effect of physical activity on

  • Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

Topic 9.3

9.3 Blood vessels

Objectives in this topic

9.3.1—Structure of arteries, veins

  • Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries, limited to: relative thickness of wall, diameter of the lumen and the presence of valves in veins

9.3.2—Functions of capillaries

  • State the functions of capillaries

9.3.3—Main blood vessels

  • Identify in diagrams and images the main blood vessels to and from the: (a) heart, limited to: vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein (b) lungs, limited to: pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein (c) kidney, limited to: renal artery and renal vein

9.3.4—Structure of arteries and veins is

  • Explain how the structure of arteries and veins is related to the pressure of the blood that they transport

9.3.5—Structure of capillaries is related

  • Explain how the structure of capillaries is related to their functions

9.3.6—Main blood vessels

  • Identify, in diagrams and images, the main blood vessels to and from the liver as: hepatic artery, hepatic veins and hepatic portal vein

Topic 9.4

9.4 Blood

Objectives in this topic

9.4.1—Components of blood

  • List the components of blood as: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

9.4.2—Red and white blood cells

  • Identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs and diagrams

9.4.3—Functions of the following components

  • State the functions of the following components of blood: (a) red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin (b) white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production (c) platelets in clotting (details are not required) (d) plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide

9.4.4—Roles of blood clotting as preventing

  • State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and the entry of pathogens

9.4.5—Lymphocytes and phagocytes

  • Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs and diagrams

9.4.6—Functions of: (a) lymphocytes –

  • State the functions of: (a) lymphocytes – antibody production (b) phagocytes – engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis

9.4.7—Process of clotting as the conversion

  • Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
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