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18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

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  1. 18.1 Carboxylic acids

    1. 18.1.1Preparation of carboxylic acids

      • Recall preparation of carboxylic acids - (a) oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes with acidified K 2Cr2O7 or acidified KMnO4 and refluxing - (b) hydrolysis of nitriles with dil. acid or dil. alkali followed by acidification - (c) hydrolysis of esters with dil. acid or dil. alkali and heat followed by acidification

    2. 18.1.2Describe

      • Describe: - (a) the redox reaction with reactive metals to produce a salt and H2(g) - (b) the neutralisation reaction with alkalis to produce a salt and H2O(l ) - (c) the acid–base reaction with carbonates to produce a salt and H2O(l) and CO2(g) - (d) esterification with alcohols with conc. H2SO4 as catalyst - (e) reduction by LiAl H4 to form a primary alcohol

  2. 18.2 Esters

    1. 18.2.1Preparation of esters

      • Recall preparation of esters: (a) the condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid with conc. H₂SO₄ as catalyst

    2. 18.2.2Hydrolysis of esters by dil. acid and by dil.

      • Describe the hydrolysis of esters by dil. acid and by dil. alkali and heat