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17. Carbonyl compounds

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  1. 17.1 Aldehydes and ketones

    1. 17.1.1Preparation of aldehydes and ketones

      • Recall preparation of aldehydes and ketones - (a) the oxidation of primary alcohols using acidified K 2Cr2O7 or acidified KMnO4 and distillation to produce aldehydes - (b) the oxidation of secondary alcohols using acidified K 2Cr2O7 or acidified KMnO4 and distillation to produce ketones

    2. 17.1.2Describe

      • Describe:: (a) the reduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH4 or LiAl H4 to produce alcohols; (b) the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN, KCN as catalyst, and heat to produce hydroxynitriles as exemplified by ethanal and propanone

    3. 17.1.3Reactions of hydrogen cyanide

      • Describe the mechanism of the nucleophilic addition reactions of hydrogen cyanide with aldehydes and ketones in 17 .1.2(b)

    4. 17.1.42,4-DNPH carbonyl test

      • Describe the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH reagent) to detect the presence of carbonyl compounds

    5. 17.1.5The nature (aldehyde or ketone) of an unknown

      • Deduce the nature (aldehyde or ketone) of an unknown carbonyl compound from the results of simple tests (Fehling’s and Tollens’ reagents; ease of oxidation)

    6. 17.1.6Iodoform test for CH3CO- group

      • Deduce the presence of a CH3CO – group in an aldehyde or ketone, CH3CO–R, from its reaction with alkaline I2(aq) to form a yellow precipitate of tri-iodomethane and an ion, RCO2 –