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13.1 Excretion in humans

Syllabus
0610–2026–2027
Topic
13.1
Level
—

13.1.1—Carbon dioxide is excreted through

  • State that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs

13.1.2—Kidneys excrete urea and excess water

  • State that the kidneys excrete urea and excess water and ions

13.1.3—Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

  • Identify in diagrams and images the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

13.1.4—Structure of the kidney

  • Identify in diagrams and images the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex and medulla

13.1.5—Structure and function of a nephron

  • Outline the structure and function of a nephron and its associated blood vessels, limited to: (a) the role of the glomerulus in the filtration from the blood of water, glucose, urea and ions (b) the role of the nephron in the reabsorption of all of the glucose, some of the ions and most of the water back into the blood (c) the formation of urine containing urea, excess water and excess ions (details of these processes are not required)

13.1.6—Role of the liver in the assimilation

  • Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins

13.1.7—Urea is formed in the liver

  • State that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids

13.1.8—Deamination as the removal

  • Describe deamination as the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea

13.1.9—Importance of excretion

  • Explain the importance of excretion, limited to toxicity of urea

Objective notes

9 learning objectives
ConceptIGCSE Biology