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CAIE A-Level Biology 12.2.10 Lactate and Ethanol Fermentation

Practise tracing pyruvate reduction to lactate or decarboxylation and reduction to ethanol, showing how both pathways reoxidise NAD so glycolysis continues.

Syllabus
2028–2030
Course
Biology 9700
Level
A2

Exam points

  • reduce pyruvate to lactate while oxidising reduced NAD in mammalian cells
  • decarboxylate pyruvate then reduce ethanal to ethanol during yeast fermentation
  • explain NAD regeneration as allowing glycolysis and substrate-level ATP to continue

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