CAIE A-Level Biology A2 17 Selection and Evolution Questions

1 genetic / genotype / alleles

or

example ;
mutation / crossing over / independent assortment / random fertilisation / random mating

2 environmental

or

example ;
climate / disease / food availability / soil pH / selection pressure

3 combination / interaction, of genes and environment or

example ;
gene (expression) is modified by environment

any three from:

1 formation of new species from, pre-existing species / common ancestor ;

2 change in, characteristics / phenotypes ;

3 over, time / generations ;

4 natural selection ;

5 changes in, gene pools / allele frequencies

or genetic drift ;

any three from:

1 compare sequences (of DNA) ;

2 the more similar the sequences the more, closely related the species / recent the common ancestor ;
ora

3 over time mutations accumulate or less time fewer mutations occurred ;

4 ref. to bioinformatics / software / database ;

5 AVP ;
e.g. molecular clock / constant rate of mutation

e.g. mtDNA has no crossing over e.g. the percentage similarity can be used to build a phylogenetic tree

any two from:
1 one / two, genes (control colour pattern) ;
2 different alleles of a gene have a large effect ;
3 multiple / three, alleles ;
4 gene interaction / epistasis ;
5 AVP ;

any two from:

1 temperature / food (supply) ;

2 of larva / during larval development ;

3 egg size / diet of mother / size of mother ;

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