Edexcel IAL Chemistry AS 7.3 Anomalous properties of water
Edexcel IAL Chemistry AS 7.3 Anomalous properties of water
Separate the two explanations: extra energy is needed to overcome hydrogen bonds on heating, while freezing spaces molecules farther apart in an open lattice.
How this is tested
- Explain water's high boiling point by the energy needed to overcome hydrogen bonds.
- Link ice's lower density and expansion on freezing to an open hydrogen-bonded lattice.