Edexcel IAL Chemistry AS 3.11 Covalent dot-and-cross diagrams
Edexcel IAL Chemistry AS 3.11 Covalent dot-and-cross diagrams
Count each atom's valence electrons, allocate shared and lone pairs, distinguish electron sources and check total charge and completed shells before finishing.
How this is tested
- Draw single, double or triple covalent bonds with correct outer-electron counts.
- Show bonding pairs and lone pairs using consistent dot-and-cross symbols.
- Represent coordinate bonds in ammonium ions or aluminium chloride species.