IB Economics HL 3.4 Economics of Inequality and Poverty Questions

The following information provides a simplified version of the calculation of a consumer price index (CPI).

In Country A, the rate of inflation is measured by the calculation of a CPI. The index is calculated using the five products which are purchased by citizens of Country A as representative of a "typical basket of goods".

The weighting given to each product is based on the quantities of each product purchased by the average household in Country A per week.

Assume that 2015 is the base year for the purpose of calculating the CPI.

Text B - Argentina's new economic reforms

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
Text A - The economy of Argentina

(1) Argentina, the third-largest economy in Latin America, has experienced several cycles of high economic growth and deep recessions over the last 70 years. It has vast natural resources in energy and agriculture and potential for renewable energy. Its leading exports include soybeans and beef products, which contribute significantly to gross domestic product (GDP) and employment and are major sources of foreign currency. However, Argentina faces unfavourable climate conditions that create problems for the agriculture sector. A drought in 2023 caused over 20 billion United States dollars (USD) in losses for soybean farmers.

(2) Argentina faces high relative poverty rates despite redistribution policies such as transfer payments. Argentina is known for extensive government intervention, including price ceilings on rent and strong protection for labour unions and workers.

(3) For many years, Argentina managed its exchange rate by limiting the amount of foreign currency that citizens could purchase as well as by restricting imports. The aim was to protect reserve assets and prevent currency depreciation. This led to the establishment of an informal (unofficial) foreign exchange market and discouraged foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the foreign currency limitations resulted in an overvalued currency and failed to stop the level of reserve assets from decreasing.

(4) In 2018, Argentina requested a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to help fund its budget deficit and large external debt repayments. However, Argentina defaulted on its debt repayments to the IMF, which led to low consumer and business confidence, causing large FDI and portfolio investment outflows. To receive future loans, the IMF requires Argentina to promote good governance, reduce government spending, increase reserve assets and control inflation.

(5) In 2022, Argentina's economic challenges continued with high inflation and a persistent budget deficit, leading to unsustainable debt. High inflation has led to declining real wages. Moreover, uncertainty about future prices has contributed to lower business investment.
Text B - Argentina's new economic reforms

(1) In December 2023, Argentina's new government initiated reforms to help solve its economic challenges. The new economic reforms included:
- deregulating markets, such as removing price controls and restrictions on buying foreign currency
- privatization of 41 state-owned enterprises to improve efficiency, including the national airline, rail networks, state media, and major oil, water and sewage companies
- increasing labour market flexibility by reducing labour union power and lowering labour costs
- reducing government spending by cancelling infrastructure projects, reducing the size of the public sector and eliminating transport and energy subsidies.

(2) The immediate result of removing restrictions on foreign currency purchases was a large depreciation of the Argentine peso (ARS), Argentina's currency, as predicted by speculators. Moreover, inflation increased to over 250 %. The new government maintained that while the reforms may cause a short-term recession, the policies would ultimately lead to long-term price stability and economic growth, despite predictions that relative poverty rates could increase to 60 %. However, the government has stated it will continue spending on programmes to decrease poverty.

(3) To address the budget deficit and maintain a trade surplus, the government increased taxes on cigarettes and imposed tariffs on imports such as laptops. Income taxes were increased, but the level of income on which no income tax is paid was raised from ARS 1.35 million to ARS 1.55 million per month.

(4) The IMF supported the reforms and agreed to grant future loans to Argentina. The loans are important to establish international credibility and finance government spending.

Text C - Education and productivity in Argentina
Despite significant investments in education, achievement levels are not improving. Experts recommend that Argentina focus on improving the quality of education to decrease poverty rates and increase the economy's productive capacity. Additionally, Argentina's low female labour force participation rate indicates an underutilized resource. An improved education system could increase female participation in the economy and raise household incomes.

Sketch a Lorenz curve to show how the change in the "level of income on which no income tax is paid" may affect Argentina's income distribution (Text B, paragraph 3 ).

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
Text A - The economy of Argentina

Read the extracts and answer the questions that follow.
Text A - The economy of Argentina

(1) Argentina, the third-largest economy in Latin America, has experienced several cycles of high economic growth and deep recessions over the last 70 years. It has vast natural resources in energy and agriculture and potential for renewable energy. Its leading exports include soybeans and beef products, which contribute significantly to gross domestic product (GDP) and employment and are major sources of foreign currency. However, Argentina faces unfavourable climate conditions that create problems for the agriculture sector. A drought in 2023 caused over 20 billion United States dollars (USD) in losses for soybean farmers.

(2) Argentina faces high relative poverty rates despite redistribution policies such as transfer payments. Argentina is known for extensive government intervention, including price ceilings on rent and strong protection for labour unions and workers.

(3) For many years, Argentina managed its exchange rate by limiting the amount of foreign currency that citizens could purchase as well as by restricting imports. The aim was to protect reserve assets and prevent currency depreciation. This led to the establishment of an informal (unofficial) foreign exchange market and discouraged foreign direct investment (FDI). However, the foreign currency limitations resulted in an overvalued currency and failed to stop the level of reserve assets from decreasing.

(4) In 2018, Argentina requested a loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to help fund its budget deficit and large external debt repayments. However, Argentina defaulted on its debt repayments to the IMF, which led to low consumer and business confidence, causing large FDI and portfolio investment outflows. To receive future loans, the IMF requires Argentina to promote good governance, reduce government spending, increase reserve assets and control inflation.

(5) In 2022, Argentina's economic challenges continued with high inflation and a persistent budget deficit, leading to unsustainable debt. High inflation has led to declining real wages. Moreover, uncertainty about future prices has contributed to lower business investment.
Text B - Argentina's new economic reforms

(1) In December 2023, Argentina's new government initiated reforms to help solve its economic challenges. The new economic reforms included:
- deregulating markets, such as removing price controls and restrictions on buying foreign currency
- privatization of 41 state-owned enterprises to improve efficiency, including the national airline, rail networks, state media, and major oil, water and sewage companies, many of which were recording losses and burdening the government budget
- increasing labour market flexibility by reducing labour union power and lowering labour costs
- reducing government spending by cancelling infrastructure projects, reducing the size of the public sector and eliminating transport and energy subsidies.

(2) The immediate result of removing restrictions on foreign currency purchases was a large depreciation of the Argentine peso (ARS), Argentina's currency, as predicted by speculators. Moreover, inflation increased to over 250 %. The new government maintained that while the reforms may cause a short-term recession, the policies would ultimately lead to long-term price stability and economic growth, despite predictions that relative poverty rates could increase to 60 %. However, the government has stated it will continue spending on programmes to decrease poverty.

(3) To address the budget deficit and maintain a trade surplus, the government increased taxes on cigarettes and imposed tariffs on imports such as laptops. Income taxes were increased, but the level of income on which no income tax is paid was raised from ARS 1.35 million to ARS 1.55 million per month.

(4) The IMF supported the reforms and agreed to grant future loans to Argentina. The loans are important to establish international credibility and finance government spending.

Text C - Education and productivity in Argentina
Despite significant investments in education, achievement levels are not improving. Experts recommend that Argentina focus on improving the quality of education to decrease poverty rates and increase the economy's productive capacity. Additionally, Argentina's low female labour force participation rate indicates an underutilized resource. An improved education system could increase female participation in the economy and raise household incomes.