CAIE A-Level Psychology AS Biological Approach Questions

Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams). She wants to know how she will be woken up and then asked about her dreams.

Outline this part of the procedure for Taara.

1 mark per correct point based on the following:

Up to 3 marks for how will be woken.

Up to 3 marks for being asked about dreams.

e.g., how woken:

You will be woken up by a doorbell.

It will be loud enough to wake you up.

e.g., asked about dreams:

You will then be asked if you were having a dream or not.

Then you will be asked to tell the experimenter about the content of your dream.

You will be asked to talk into a recording device.

The experimenter may come in if they want more information about your dream.

You may be asked to estimate dream duration.

4

Go with the intentions of the candidate. For example, if they use more technologically advanced ways to wake up Taara or help her record the dreams, this is creditworthy.

Do not credit pure repetition of the stem.

Woken via a loud bell = 2 marks.

Annotate:

Tick = how she will be woken up.

Tick-d = how she will be asked about her dreams.

Strengths include: reliability, standardisation, validity (internal), observations. Weaknesses include: validity (external), sample, ethics.

Example: in detail

The sample only had 34 rhesus monkeys as part of it. This could make generalisations difficult. This is because some of the troop were not used in the study as they were too young to be reliably identified and these may have played differently/chosen different toys/from a captivity troop. Therefore, the findings about monkey toy preferences may only apply to those in the sample/not apply to monkeys who live in the wild where toy choice is not available.

Example: brief but in context

The sample only had 34 rhesus monkeys as part of it. This could make generalisations difficult as they might not represent the whole troop.

Example: no context

The study followed a standardised procedure making it easier to replicate.

Mark

9-10

- Very good evaluation including the named issue.

- Thoroughly addresses both strengths and both weaknesses in detail.

- Selection of evidence is very thorough and effective.

- Good evaluation including the named issue.

- Addresses strengths and weaknesses but may include three or four points. The majority of the points are in depth.

- Selection of evidence is thorough and effective.

10

Ignore arguments about the ethics of not being in the wild. They were captive bred.

The list of ethical guidelines that are creditworthy are:

Minimising harm

Replacement

Species

Numbers

Pain/Distress

Housing

Reward/deprivation/aversive.

Ignore human ethical guidelines.

Main evidence includes:

Housing

- Size of enclosure ( $25 \times 25$ )

- Fed monkey chow every day/water present/fruit and veg available.

- Socially housed in troop.

Minimising harm/distress

- Use of video cameras.

- Familiarity with keepers in enclosure/lived in enclosure

- One monkey tore toy apart (broken)

10

Mention of knowing the
monkey's gender is tick-b only.
Observer bias - needs a
specified behaviour from the
how it could be observed with
checklist to be explained as to
bias to get tick-d, otherwise tick-
b

Suggest at least one application to everyday life of the study by Hölzel et al (mindfulness and brain scans). Do not refer to more than three applications in your answer. Your suggestion(s) must be ethical.

e.g.,

Employers with employees who are feeling stressed. (Counsellors in) schools can use them to help reduce stress in students (around exam time).

Using brain scans to examine grey matter concentration in therapy/people with problems/head injuries.

Yoga instructors can introduce elements of mindfulness into their classes to decrease stress.

5

Annotate in the following way:

tick = what [explicit]

plus = how [explicit]

I = what/how implicit (see below)

Ignore responses about explaining everyday behaviours with examples. They must be proactive/prospective applications to everyday life, not explanations/retrospective.

Implicit what = can be used by teachers/in school/in workplace (not suggest as to what it is being used for).

Implicit how = get people to 'do mindfulness'.