Practise the 12 AS core studies through approach assumptions, aims, samples, procedures and results, then compare, apply and evaluate their evidence in context.
Outline one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology.
Outline one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology.
2 marks for full assumption.
1 mark for partial/brief assumption.
e.g., 2 marks
Information is processed through the same route in all humans: input - process - output, in a similar way to how information is processed by a computer.
People have individual differences in their cognitive processing such as with attention, language, thinking and memory (1 named).
e.g., 1 mark
Information is processed through the same route in all humans: input - process - output. People have individual differences in their cognitive processing.
There are other creditworthy responses.
2
Explain how one finding from the study by Pozzulo et al. (line-ups) supports the assumption you outlined in part (a).
1 mark for result/conclusion.
1 mark for linking it to an assumption explicitly (not by name only: a relevant concept needs to be mentioned).
e.g.
Children correctly identified 99\% of the cartoon faces (1 mark result). This could follow the principles of input (see cartoon), process (memory of cartoon) and output (recall cartoon) (1 mark supported link).
Adults correctly identified 66\% of human faces (1 mark result). This shows that people do have individual differences in memory recall (1 mark supported link).
There are other creditworthy responses.
2
If the link is not with an assumption from 5a, can only be awarded the result/conclusion mark.
Cannot simply re-state the assumption for the 2nd mark.
Outline the term 'false positive responses', using an example from the study by Pozzulo et al. (line-ups).
1 mark for definition
1 mark for example
e.g.,
This is when a person believes they are making an accurate choice, but it is not (1 mark: definition).
In the Pozzulo study this would be the children choosing a person in a line-up even though the culprit is not in the line-up (1 mark: example).
2
From the study by Piliavin et al. (subway Samaritans):
Identify two features of one of the victims.
1
2
From the study by Piliavin et al (subway Samaritans):
Identify two features of one of the victims.
1 mark per correct feature
Male
Aged 26-35
White/black
Wore Eisenhower jacket/old slacks/no tie
Drunk condition - smelled of liquor (1 mark) and held a bottle (in a bag) (1 mark) OR ill condition - carried a cane.
2
List is definitive.
Do not accept 'were ill/drunk'. Do accept 'acted as if ill/drunk'.
Accept 'casual clothing'.
Either drunk or ill/with cane = 0 3 white males = 0
Explain why this study is from the social approach in psychology.
Explain why this study is from the social approach in psychology.
2 marks = clearly linked to social approach (either through example or assumption)
1 mark = partially linked to social approach/assumption of the social approach only
e.g.
One of the assumptions of the social approach is that behaviour is influenced by other individuals. This was clearly shown here as fewer people helped when a model had already offered help (compared to when no model was present) (2 marks).
They were affected by the social context of witnessing a drunk person needing help (1 mark).
When there was a larger group, it affected their behaviour as they were faster at helping (1 mark).
2
The 2 assumptions are:
Behaviour, cognitions, and emotions are influenced by social contexts, social environments, and groups.
Behaviour, cognitions, and emotions are influenced by the actual, implied or imagined presence of others.
Two friends, Luis and Ava, are discussing the application to everyday life of the study by Milgram (obedience). Luis says the study does have application to everyday life, but Ava says the study does not have application to everyday life.
Explain why you think either Luis or Ava is correct, using evidence from this study in your answer. The friend who I think is correct is because:
either Luis or Ava is correct, using evidence from this study in your answer. 1 mark for a feature of Milgram linked to someone being obedient (e.g., prods, lab coat). 1 mark per correct point made that is explicit to Milgram. e.g., Luis
One of the aims of the study was to test whether Germans were different (1 mark). Therefore, it can be used to help us understand why people do bad things such as some behaviours during the Holocaust (1 mark). As people in uniform/in authority have the power to get people to do things they would never typically do (1 mark) as in this study 65% of participants administered what would have been a
lethal electric shock to a stranger (1 mark). e.g., Ava
The study took place in a controlled environment with a set procedure which does not represent everyday life (1 mark).
Giving an electric shock to someone for not learning a word- pair has no real-world application (1 mark). There have been no real-life accounts of people having to meet a stranger,
make them learn a task that is about word-pairs and then punish them for incorrect answers (1 mark) so there is no way a task like this can then help explain a real-world event
like genocide (1 mark)
There are other creditworthy responses.
4
If both Luis and Ava feature in the answer, mark them independently and credit the highest score
For Luis
If the response is all about how military/teachers can wear uniform/dress professionally to get soldiers/students to be more obedient = 2 marks max [ can still get the feature mark].
If just a 'generic' chat about everyday obedience =1 mark [can still get the feature mark].
The idea presented needs to be more retrospective than prospective due to AOs being tested.
Go with the intention of the candidate.
From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
Outline one result in relation to REM sleep and dream recall.
From the study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreams):
Outline one result in relation to REM sleep and dream recall.
2 marks for the result with a meaningful comparison.
1 mark for result with no meaningful comparison.
e.g.,
There were more dreams recalled in REM compared to NREM sleep (2 marks).
There were more dreams recalled in REM (1 mark). There was a positive correlation between the number of words used to recall dream (in RME) and length of time in REM.
WD had the highest recall level in REM compared to the other participants/KC/DN etc. (2 marks).
There are other creditworthy responses
2
Dreams are more vivid in REM (than NREM) = 1 mark.
Most dreams occur in REM (than NREM) = 1 mark.
Dreams are more detailed in REM (than NREM) = 1 mark.
Do not credit dreams only occur in REM.
Outline one result in relation to dream duration estimates when participants were woken up 15 minutes after the onset of REM sleep.
2 marks for the result with a meaningful comparison.
1 mark for result with no meaningful comparison.
e.g.,
Participants were less likely to estimate 15 mins correctly compared to 5 mins correctly (2 marks).
There were 47 instances of correct estimation compared to 13 instances of incorrect estimation (2 marks).
DN only got the estimate correct 50\% of the time (1 mark).
There are other creditworthy responses.
2
Accept on 78\% of trials, Ps could estimate 15 minutes correctly = 1 mark.
Accept 'most' estimations of length were correct = 1 mark.
However, 78\% of Ps could estimate correctly is incorrect =0 marks.
Explain one weakness of this study.
Explain one weakness of this study.
1 mark for the identification of weakness.
1 mark for explaining the weakness via example from the study.
e.g.
(Lacks) generalisability (1 mark: identification) as the sample size was only 5 for those studied intensively and these people may be unique (1 mark: explanation in context).
(Lacks) mundane realism (1 mark: identification) as being asked to guess how long you have been asleep for is not a typical daily behaviour (1 mark: explanation in context.
(Lacks) ecological validity (1 mark: identification).
There are other creditworthy responses, including ethics.
2