4.2 Leadership and management

4.2.1 Traditional and modern theories of leadership.

• universalist theories including great person, charismatic, and transformational leaders.
• behavioural theories including Ohio University and Michigan University behavioural explanations.
• Heifetz's six principles in meeting adaptive challenges; responsibilities of an adaptive leader.
• Relevant issues and debates and methodology for this topic include: application to everyday life, individual and situational explanations, nature versus nurture, reductionism versus holism, generalisations.

This matters because —leadership theories determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —leadership theories to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —Leadership theories is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.

4.2.2 Leadership style.

• Muczyk and Reimann's four styles of leader behaviour.
• Scouller's levels of leadership including public, private and personal levels.
• Leadership style and gender (exemplified by the following key study).
• Key study on leadership style and gender: Cuadrado et al. (2008).

This matters because —leadership style determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —leadership style to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —Leadership style is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.

4.2.3 Leaders and followers.

• Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory including five practices.
• Kelley's (1988) followership including definition of followership, two dimensions and five followership styles.
• Relevant issues and debates and methodology for this topic include: application to everyday life, cultural differences, idiographic versus nomothetic, self-reports, psychometrics.

This matters because —leaders and followers determines what can be inferred or chosen; begin with the stated conditions and keep the conclusion tied to the evidence.

Example: apply —leaders and followers to one small, clearly defined case, show the key step or comparison, and explain the result in words.

Boundary: —Leaders and followers is not a universal recommendation. Check the syllabus scope, assumptions, units and the limits of the evidence before generalising.