IB Physics HL D.2.1 Electric Charge Forces Question Bank

Ion-thrust engines can power spacecraft. In this type of engine, ions are created in a chamber and expelled from the spacecraft. The spacecraft is in outer space when the propulsion system is turned on. The spacecraft starts from rest.

The mass of ions ejected each second is $6.6 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~kg}$ and the speed of each ion is $5.2 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$. The initial total mass of the spacecraft and its fuel is 740 kg . Assume that the ions travel away from the spacecraft parallel to its direction of motion.

In practice, the ions leave the spacecraft at a range of angles as shown.

Outline why the ions are likely to spread out.