CourseCourse QuestionQuestion

IB Environmental Systems and Societies

Topic 1: Foundation

Topic 2: Ecology

Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change

Topic 7: Natural resources

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

8.1 Human populations

8.2 Urban systems and urban planning

8.3 Urban air pollution

HL.a Environmental law

HL.b Environmental economics

HL.c Environmental ethics

HL.c.1—Ethics definition

HL.c.2—Environmental ethics

HL.c.3—Ethical frameworks

HL.c.4—Instrumental value

HL.c.5—Intrinsic value

HL.c.6—Instrumental and intrinsic not exclusive

HL.c.7—Moral standing

HL.c.8—Three ethical approaches

HL.c.9—Virtue ethics

HL.c.10—Consequentialist ethics

HL.c.11—Rights-based ethics

HL.c.12—"Appeal to nature" fallacy

HL.c.13—Environmental and social justice movements

IB/ESS/HL//Concept/Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems/HL.c Environmental ethics/HL.c.6—Instrumental and intrinsic not exclusive

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems

Syllabus: First assessment 2026
Section: —
Level: HL

Exam analysis

Most tested topics

Human populations
Urban systems and urban planning
Urban air pollution
HL.a Environmental law
HL.b Environmental economics
HL.c Environmental ethics