CourseCourseQuestionQuestionDocumentDocument
IB Environmental Systems and Societies
Topic 1: Foundation
Topic 2: Ecology
Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation
Topic 4: Water
Topic 5: Land
Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change
Topic 7: Natural resources
Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems
8.1 Human populations
8.2 Urban systems and urban planning
8.3 Urban air pollution
HL.a Environmental law
HL.b Environmental economics
HL.c Environmental ethics
HL.c.1—Ethics definition
HL.c.2—Environmental ethics
HL.c.3—Ethical frameworks
HL.c.4—Instrumental value
HL.c.5—Intrinsic value
HL.c.6—Instrumental and intrinsic not exclusive
HL.c.7—Moral standing
HL.c.8—Three ethical approaches
HL.c.9—Virtue ethics
HL.c.10—Consequentialist ethics
HL.c.11—Rights-based ethics
HL.c.12—"Appeal to nature" fallacy
HL.c.13—Environmental and social justice movements
IB/ESS/HL//Concept/Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems/HL.c Environmental ethics/HL.c.1—Ethics definition

HL.c.1—Ethics definition

Syllabus
First assessment 2026
Objective
—
Level
HL

Define ethics as principles for right action

HL only

Define ethics as principles for right action.

Ethics is the study of moral principles used to judge actions, duties and consequences.

Choosing whether to drain a wetland requires a reasoned account of whose interests and duties matter.

Separate a factual prediction from the moral principle used to evaluate it.

Key idea: Define ethics as principles for right action.

Ethics is not simply personal preference.