8.3.4—Management strategies

Air-pollution management can reduce the activity, control emissions at release or reduce exposure; choose the level that interrupts the causal pathway.

Intervention	Main mechanism
better public transport, cycling infrastructure, limited car use, pedestrian centres	reduce combustion activity
compulsory catalytic converters	convert vehicle pollutants before release
trees, natural screens and green walls	intercept some particles, separate receptors and alter local exposure

A bus and cycle network can reduce vehicle kilometres while converters reduce emissions from vehicles that remain; a tree screen alone does not remove the source.

Set a pollutant target, identify the causal level, combine complementary measures and monitor emissions and exposure.

A visible green feature is not automatically source control or sufficient management.