8.3.11 (HL)—Tropospheric ozone indirect impacts

Indirect ozone impacts appear after direct harm: illness raises healthcare demand and missed work, while crop or material damage creates economic costs that may fall unevenly across communities.

Trace direct effect → household, workplace or public cost, then check exposure and capacity to respond. A city average can hide higher burdens near roads or for outdoor workers with limited healthcare access.

If outdoor workers live near a busy road, an ozone episode can combine lost work hours with higher treatment costs.

Housing, occupation, healthcare access and income change both exposure and ability to recover.

Do not treat an average concentration as an equal burden for every group.