3.2 Functional groups: Organic compounds

• Types: empirical, molecular, structural (full/condensed), stereochemical, skeletal

• 3D models

• Interconvert molecular, structural, and skeletal formulas

• Give characteristic properties

• Groups: halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester, phenyl

• Identify functional groups by name and structure

• Successive members differ by CH₂

• Series: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, halogenoalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, amines, amides, esters

• Recognize general formulas and functional group patterns

• Melting and boiling points in homologous series

• Explain trends using chain length, branching, polarity, and IMF

• Systematic naming for organic/inorganic compounds

• Up to 6 carbons, one functional group type

• Apply nomenclature to saturated or mono-unsaturated compounds with one functional group

• Same molecular formula, different connectivities

• Types: branched, straight-chain, position, functional group isomers

• Include primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, halogenoalkanes, and amines

• Same constitution, different spatial arrangements

• Cis-trans isomerism: non-cyclic alkenes, C₃-C₄ cycloalkanes

• Chiral carbon: non-superimposable mirror images (enantiomers)

• Fragmentation patterns reveal structural features

• Include molecular ion and use supplied fragment data

• Identify bond types from IR spectra

• Functional group region (wavenumber/cm⁻¹)

• Interpret characteristic absorptions using data booklet values

• Chemical environments of hydrogen atoms

• Information: number of signals, chemical shifts, integration

• Use chemical shift and integration data to deduce structures

• Singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets

• Use splitting patterns to infer neighbouring hydrogen atoms

• Use multiple techniques for structure determination