Practise selecting and applying experiments, self-reports, case studies, observations, correlations and longitudinal designs to unfamiliar research scenarios.
Describe the following experimental designs, using any example(s):
- matched pairs design
- repeated measures design.
Repeated measures:
Same Ps in each level of IV / condition;
Risk of order effects / practice or fatigue effects;
As Ps see experimental situation more than once;
Also risk of recognising demand characteristics;
Order effects resolved by counterbalancing;
Where half Ps do conditions in order AB, others BA;
eg Dement & Kleitman 5/15 minutes;
Hölzel pre/post mindfulness course;
Perry personal space situations (CIDs) Ps did all of the different approaching objects (ball, stranger, friend, authority figure);
Perry different room configurations (of table/chair/plant);
Matched pairs:
Different Ps in each level of the IV;
similar individuals allocated one to each level of IV;
eg one twin in each group;
reducing effects of individual differences;
similarities relevant to study;
e.g. age / IQ / gender;
e.g. similar to Bandura aggression levels of children;
Ps matched into pairs =0 [REP]design.
6
1 mark per definition/point of detail, max 2 for each term/concept.
1 mark per example, max 2 for each term/concept. Examples can be any studies (core studies, other studies, candidate's own).
Max 4 if no e.g.s or if only one term/concept.
Only 1 example needed to access 6 marks.
Explain what is meant by a covert observation, using any example.
Explain what is meant by a covert observation, using any example.
participants unaware of (role of) observer;
(define) out of view / far away / disguised / hidden;
(example)
Bandura used a one-way mirror;
(example)
Hassett used a camera;
(example)
Piliavin's observers looked like subway passengers;
(example)
'In Piliavin the Ps did not know the observers were there' =0 = REP
2
Explain covert = 1
Example =1 (generic or embedded, but not just a
reference)
Observer does not interact with participants =0 [this is non-
participant obs]
Describe how variables in correlations can be measured，using any example（s）．
6
Describe how variables in correlations can be measured, using any example(s).
'How' may be interpreted as the technique, the measurement, or the operationalisation of the variable. Any is acceptable.
Interview / questionnaire: (closed Qs with ratings, numerical scores assigned to Likert scales, open questions used to generate continuous score);
tests / tasks: generating numerical values;
percentages;
totals;
observations: tallying of behavioural categories;
durations.
Baron-Cohen: AQ / IQ / eyes test;
Dement & Kleitman: number of words in narrative and dream duration / time in REM sleep;
Piliavin et al.: group size (number of individuals) and frequency of helping;
6
1 mark per definition/point of detail, max 2 for each term / concept.
1 mark per example, max 2 for each term / concept.
Examples can be any studies (core studies, other studies, candidate's own).
Max 4 if no examples or if only one term / concept.
Only 1 example needed to access 6 marks.
Note: Any point must relate to a continuous variable, otherwise =0 for that point.