Practise selecting and applying experiments, self-reports, case studies, observations, correlations and longitudinal designs to unfamiliar research scenarios.
Describe the following experimental designs, using any example(s):
- matched pairs design
- repeated measures design.
Repeated measures:
Same Ps in each level of IV / condition;
Risk of order effects / practice or fatigue effects;
As Ps see experimental situation more than once;
Also risk of recognising demand characteristics;
Order effects resolved by counterbalancing;
Where half Ps do conditions in order AB, others BA;
eg Dement & Kleitman 5/15 minutes;
Hölzel pre/post mindfulness course;
Perry personal space situations (CIDs) Ps did all of the different approaching objects (ball, stranger, friend, authority figure);
Perry different room configurations (of table/chair/plant);
Matched pairs:
Different Ps in each level of the IV;
similar individuals allocated one to each level of IV;
eg one twin in each group;
reducing effects of individual differences;
similarities relevant to study;
e.g. age / IQ / gender;
e.g. similar to Bandura aggression levels of children;
Ps matched into pairs =0 [REP]design.
6
1 mark per definition/point of detail, max 2 for each term/concept.
1 mark per example, max 2 for each term/concept. Examples can be any studies (core studies, other studies, candidate's own).
Max 4 if no e.g.s or if only one term/concept.
Only 1 example needed to access 6 marks.
State the two main features of a case study.
1
2
State the two main features of a case study.
Single unit / person is studied = 1 (definitive)
In depth / detailed study = 1 (definitive).
Accept two points on one line
2
Longitudinal / over a long time =0
Aim to give therapy =0
Rare case =0
Lots of data =0
Explain why the study by Saavedra and Silverman (button phobia) was a case study, in relation to these two main features.
1
2
Just one boy (and his mum) = 1 (single unit)
History of his phobia;
(in depth)
Measurement of his phobia;
(in depth)
Monitoring change in his phobia;
(in depth)
2
Why single unit = 1
Why in depth = 1
Explain what is meant by a covert observation, using any example.
Explain what is meant by a covert observation, using any example.
participants unaware of (role of) observer;
(define) out of view / far away / disguised / hidden;
(example)
Bandura used a one-way mirror;
(example)
Hassett used a camera;
(example)
Piliavin's observers looked like subway passengers;
(example)
'In Piliavin the Ps did not know the observers were there' =0 = REP
2
Explain covert = 1
Example =1 (generic or embedded, but not just a
reference)
Observer does not interact with participants =0 [this is non-
participant obs]