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19. Genetic Technology

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  1. 19.1 Principles of Genetic Technology

    1. 19.1.1Recombinant DNA definition

      • Recombinant DNA definition

    2. 19.1.2Genetic engineering and gene expression

      • Genetic engineering: deliberate manipulation of genetic material, transferring genes for expression

    3. 19.1.3Sources of genes

      • Gene sources: - Extracted from donor DNA - Synthesised from donor mRNA - Synthesised chemically from nucleotides

    4. 19.1.4Enzymes and vectors in gene transfer

      • Roles in gene transfer: restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, plasmids, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase

    5. 19.1.5Promoter transfer alongside desired gene

      • Promoter transfer alongside desired gene

    6. 19.1.6Marker genes for gene expression

      • Confirm gene expression using marker genes coding for fluorescent products

    7. 19.1.7Gene editing by insertion, deletion or replacement

      • Gene editing: insertion, deletion, or replacement of DNA at specific genome sites

    8. 19.1.8PCR to clone and amplify DNA

      • PCR to clone and amplify DNA: Taq polymerase role

    9. 19.1.9Gel electrophoresis

      • Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by length

    10. 19.1.10Microarrays in genome analysis

      • Microarrays: genome analysis, detecting mRNA in gene expression studies

    11. 19.1.11Sequence and protein databases

      • Databases: nucleotide sequences of genes/genomes, amino acid sequences of proteins, protein structures

  2. 19.2 Genetic Technology Applied to Medicine

    1. 19.2.1Recombinant human proteins

      • Recombinant human proteins for disease treatment: insulin, factor VIII, adenosine deaminase

    2. 19.2.2Genetic screening advantages

      • Genetic screening advantages: breast cancer (BRCA1/BRCA2), Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis

    3. 19.2.3Gene therapy for genetic diseases

      • Gene therapy for genetic diseases: SCID, inherited eye diseases

    4. 19.2.4Genetic medicine considerations

      • Social and ethical considerations of genetic screening and gene therapy

  3. 19.3 Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture

    1. 19.3.1Genetic engineering solving food demand

      • Genetic engineering solving food demand: improve quality and productivity

    2. 19.3.2Examples of GMOs in agriculture

      • Examples: GM salmon, herbicide resistance (soybean), insect resistance (cotton)

    3. 19.3.3GMO implications

      • Ethical and social implications of GMOs in food production