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13. Photosynthesis

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  1. 13.1 Photosynthesis as Energy Transfer Process

    1. 13.1.1Chloroplast structure-function relationship

      • Chloroplast structure-function relationship

    2. 13.1.2ATP and reduced NADP in Calvin cycle

      • ATP and reduced NADP from light-dependent stage used in Calvin cycle for complex organic molecules

    3. 13.1.3Sites within chloroplast

      • Sites within chloroplast: - Thylakoids (in grana stacks): light-dependent stage - Stroma: light-independent stage (Calvin cycle)

    4. 13.1.4Chloroplast pigments in light absorption

      • Chloroplast pigments in light absorption: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyll

    5. 13.1.5Absorption and action spectra

      • Interpret absorption spectra and action spectra

    6. 13.1.6Pigment chromatography

      • Chromatography to separate and identify pigments (Rf values)

    7. 13.1.7Light-dependent stage

      • Light-dependent stage: cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

    8. 13.1.8Cyclic photophosphorylation

      • Cyclic photophosphorylation: - Only PSI involved - Photoactivation of chlorophyll - ATP synthesised

    9. 13.1.9Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

      • Non-cyclic photophosphorylation: - Both PSI and PSII involved - Photoactivation of chlorophyll - Oxygen-evolving complex catalyses photolysis of water - ATP and reduced NADP synthesised

    10. 13.1.10During photophosphorylation

      • During photophosphorylation: - Electrons release energy through electron transport chain - Energy transfers protons across thylakoid membrane - Protons return to stroma via ATP synthase by facilitated diffusion, providing energy for ATP synthesis

    11. 13.1.11Calvin cycle three main stages

      • Calvin cycle three main stages: - Rubisco catalyses CO2 fixation with RuBP (5C) to yield two GP molecules (3C) - GP reduced to TP using reduced NADP and ATP - RuBP regenerated from TP using ATP

    12. 13.1.12Calvin cycle intermediates

      • Calvin cycle intermediates produce other molecules: - GP: some amino acids - TP: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids

  2. 13.2 Investigation of Limiting Factors

    1. 13.2.1Limiting factors

      • Limiting factors: light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

    2. 13.2.2Effects of limiting factors

      • Effects of changes in limiting factors on photosynthesis rate

    3. 13.2.3Chloroplast suspension investigation

      • Investigate using redox indicators with chloroplast suspension: effects of light intensity and wavelength

    4. 13.2.4Whole-plant photosynthesis investigation

      • Investigate using whole plants (including aquatic): effects of light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature