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16. Inheritance

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  1. 16.1 Passage of Information from Parents to Offspring

    1. 16.1.1Haploid (n) and diploid (2n)

      • Haploid (n) and diploid (2n)

    2. 16.1.2Homologous pairs of chromosomes

      • Homologous pairs of chromosomes

    3. 16.1.3Reduction division

      • Need for reduction division during meiosis for gamete production

    4. 16.1.4Chromosome behaviour during meiosis

      • Chromosome behaviour during meiosis: nuclear envelope, cell surface membrane, spindle

    5. 16.1.5Meiosis I and II stages

      • Main stages: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

    6. 16.1.6Meiosis image interpretation

      • Interpret photomicrographs and diagrams of meiosis stages

    7. 16.1.7Genetic variation in meiosis

      • Crossing over and random orientation (independent assortment) produce genetically different gametes

    8. 16.1.8Random fertilisation and variation

      • Random fusion of gametes at fertilisation produces genetically different individuals

  2. 16.2 The Roles of Genes in Determining Phenotype

    1. 16.2.1Core genetic terms

      • Terms: gene, locus, allele, dominant, recessive, codominant, linkage, test cross, F1, F2, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous

    2. 16.2.2Genetic diagrams

      • Genetic diagrams and Punnett squares for: - Monohybrid crosses: dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, sex linkage - Dihybrid crosses: dominance, autosomal linkage, epistasis - Test crosses

    3. 16.2.3Chi-squared test in genetics

      • Chi-squared test for significance of differences between observed and expected results

    4. 16.2.4Genes, proteins and phenotype

      • Relationship between genes, proteins, and phenotype: - TYR gene, tyrosinase, albinism - HBB gene, haemoglobin, sickle cell anaemia - F8 gene, factor VIII, haemophilia - HTT gene, huntingtin, Huntington's disease

    5. 16.2.5Gibberellin role in stem elongation

      • Gibberellin role in stem elongation: Le allele (functional enzyme) vs le allele (non-functional enzyme)

  3. 16.3 Gene Control

    1. 16.3.1Structural genes vs regulatory genes

      • Structural genes vs regulatory genes

    2. 16.3.2Repressible enzymes vs inducible enzymes

      • Repressible enzymes vs inducible enzymes

    3. 16.3.3Genetic control in prokaryotes

      • Genetic control in prokaryotes: lac operon

    4. 16.3.4Transcription factors in eukaryotes

      • Transcription factors in eukaryotes: bind to DNA, control gene expression by affecting transcription rate

    5. 16.3.5Gibberellin and gene activation

      • Gibberellin activates genes by causing DELLA protein repressor breakdown