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IGCSE CAIE Biology

1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms

1.1 Characteristics of living organisms

1.2 Concept and uses of classification systems

1.3 Features of organisms

2. Organisation of the organism

2.1 Cell structure

2.2 Size of specimens

3. Movement into and out of cells

3.3 Active transport

4. Biological molecules

4.1 Biological molecules

6. Plant nutrition

6.1 Photosynthesis

6.2 Leaf structure

7. Human nutrition

7.2 Digestive system

7.3 Physical digestion

7.4 Chemical digestion

8. Transport in plants

8.1 Xylem and phloem

8.2 Water uptake

8.3 Transpiration

8.4 Translocation

9. Transport in animals

9.1 Circulatory systems

9.3 Blood vessels

10. Diseases and immunity

10.1 Diseases and immunity

11. Gas exchange in humans

11.1 Gas exchange in humans

12. Respiration

12.1 Respiration

12.2 Aerobic respiration

12.3 Anaerobic respiration

13. Excretion in humans

13.1 Excretion in humans

14. Coordination and response

14.1 Coordination and response

14.2 Sense organs

14.4 Homeostasis

14.5 Tropic responses

16. Reproduction

16.1 Asexual reproduction

16.2 Sexual reproduction

16.3 Sexual reproduction in plants

16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans

16.4.1—Male reproductive system parts

16.4.2—Female reproductive system parts

16.4.3—Fertilisation as the fusion

16.4.4—Adaptive features of sperm

16.4.5—Adaptive features of egg cells

16.4.6—Male and female gametes in terms

16.4.7—In early development, the zygote forms

16.4.8—Fetus development structures

16.4.9—Function of the placenta and umbilical

16.4.10—Some pathogens and toxins can pass

16.5 Sex hormones in humans

16.6 Sexually transmitted infections

17. Inheritance

17.1 Chromosomes, genes and proteins

17.4 Monohybrid inheritance

18. Variation and selection

18.2 Adaptive features

19. Organisms and their environment

19.1 Energy flow

19.2 Food chains and food webs

19.3 Nutrient cycles

19.4 Populations

20. Human influences on ecosystems

20.1 Food supply

20.2 Habitat destruction

20.4 Conservation

21. Biotechnology and genetic modification

21.1 Biotechnology and genetic modification

21.2 Biotechnology

21.3 Genetic modification

IGCSE CAIE Biology/Extended/16. Reproduction/16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans/16.4.10—Some pathogens and toxins can pass

CAIE IGCSE Biology EXTENDED 16.4.10 Some pathogens & toxins can pass

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