A Unity and Diversity

A1.1 Water

A1.2 Nucleic acids

A2.1 Origins of cells

A2.2 Cell structure

A2.3 Viruses [HL only]

A3.1 Diversity of organisms

A3.2 Classification and cladistics [HL only]

A4.1 Evolution and speciation

A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

B Form and Function

B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

B1.2 Proteins

B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport

B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization

B2.3 Cell specialization

B3.1 Gas exchange

B3.2 Transport

B3.3 Muscle and motility [HL only]

B4.1 Adaptation to environment

B4.2 Ecological niches

C Interaction and Interdependence

C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism

C1.2 Cell respiration

C1.3 Photosynthesis

C2.1 Chemical signalling [HL only]

C2.2 Neural signalling

C3.1 Integration of body systems

C3.2 Defence against disease

C4.1 Populations and communities

C4.2 Transfers of energy and matter

D Continuity and Change

D1.1 DNA replication

D1.2 Protein synthesis

D1.3 Mutation and gene editing

D2.1 Cell and nuclear division

D2.2 Gene expression [HL only]

D2.3 Water potential

D3.1 Reproduction

D3.1.1—Sexual vs. asexual reproduction

D3.1.2—Role of meiosis and gamete fusion

D3.1.3—Male vs. female sexes

D3.1.4—Human reproductive system anatomy

D3.1.5—Ovarian and uterine cycles

D3.1.6—Fertilization in humans

D3.1.7—In vitro fertilization (IVF)

D3.1.8—Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

D3.1.9—Insect-pollinated flower features

D3.1.10—Promoting cross-pollination

D3.1.11—Self-incompatibility mechanisms

D3.1.12—Seed dispersal and germination

D3.1.13 (HL)—Puberty control

D3.1.14 (HL)—Gametogenesis

D3.1.15 (HL)—Preventing polyspermy

D3.1.16 (HL)—Blastocyst and implantation

D3.1.17 (HL)—Pregnancy testing

D3.1.18 (HL)—Placenta role

D3.1.19 (HL)—Hormonal control

D3.1.20 (HL)—Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

D3.2 Inheritance

D3.3 Homeostasis

D4.1 Natural selection

D4.2 Stability and change

D4.3 Climate change

IB Biology HL D3.1.15 (HL)—Preventing polyspermy Question Bank

• Acrosome enzymes allow sperm penetration of the zona pellucida

• Cortical granule release changes the zona pellucida to block polyspermy

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