A Unity and Diversity

A1.1 Water

A1.2 Nucleic acids

A2.1 Origins of cells

A2.2 Cell structure

A2.3 Viruses [HL only]

A3.1 Diversity of organisms

A3.2 Classification and cladistics [HL only]

A4.1 Evolution and speciation

A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

B Form and Function

B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

B1.2 Proteins

B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport

B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization

B2.3 Cell specialization

B3.1 Gas exchange

B3.2 Transport

B3.3 Muscle and motility [HL only]

B4.1 Adaptation to environment

B4.2 Ecological niches

C Interaction and Interdependence

C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism

C1.2 Cell respiration

C1.3 Photosynthesis

C2.1 Chemical signalling [HL only]

C2.2 Neural signalling

C3.1 Integration of body systems

C3.2 Defence against disease

C4.1 Populations and communities

C4.2 Transfers of energy and matter

D Continuity and Change

D1.1 DNA replication

D1.2 Protein synthesis

D1.3 Mutation and gene editing

D2.1 Cell and nuclear division

D2.1.1—Generation of new cells

D2.1.2—Cytokinesis

D2.1.3—Equal and unequal cytokinesis

D2.1.4—Roles of mitosis and meiosis

D2.1.5—DNA replication prerequisite

D2.1.6—Shared features

D2.1.7—Phases of mitosis

D2.1.8—Identification of mitosis phases

D2.1.9—Meiosis as reduction division

D2.1.10—Down syndrome

D2.1.11—Meiosis generates variation

D2.1.12 (HL)—Cell proliferation

D2.1.13 (HL)—Cell cycle phases

D2.1.14 (HL)—Cell growth during interphase

D2.1.15 (HL)—Cell cycle control by cyclins

D2.1.16 (HL)—Mutations in cell cycle genes

D2.1.17 (HL)—Tumour differences

D2.2 Gene expression [HL only]

D2.3 Water potential

D3.1 Reproduction

D3.2 Inheritance

D3.3 Homeostasis

D4.1 Natural selection

D4.2 Stability and change

D4.3 Climate change

IB Biology HL D2.1.17 (HL)—Tumour differences Question Bank

• Benign tumours grow locally; malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues

• Metastasis spreads cancer cells to form secondary tumours

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