A Unity and Diversity

A1.1 Water

A1.2 Nucleic acids

A2.1 Origins of cells

A2.2 Cell structure

A2.3 Viruses [HL only]

A3.1 Diversity of organisms

A3.2 Classification and cladistics [HL only]

A4.1 Evolution and speciation

A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

B Form and Function

B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

B1.2 Proteins

B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport

B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization

B2.3 Cell specialization

B3.1 Gas exchange

B3.2 Transport

B3.3 Muscle and motility [HL only]

B4.1 Adaptation to environment

B4.2 Ecological niches

C Interaction and Interdependence

C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism

C1.2 Cell respiration

C1.2.1—ATP distributes energy

C1.2.2—Life processes using ATP

C1.2.3—ATP ↔ ADP interconversions

C1.2.4—Cell respiration system

C1.2.5—Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration in humans

C1.2.6—Variables affecting rate

C1.2.7 (HL)—NAD as hydrogen carrier

C1.2.8 (HL)—Glycolysis

C1.2.9 (HL)—Pyruvate → lactate

C1.2.10 (HL)—Anaerobic respiration in yeast

C1.2.11 (HL)—Link reaction

C1.2.12 (HL)—Krebs cycle

C1.2.13 (HL)—Electron transport chain

C1.2.14 (HL)—Proton gradient generation

C1.2.15 (HL)—Chemiosmosis

C1.2.16 (HL)—Oxygen as terminal electron acceptor

C1.2.17 (HL)—Lipids vs. carbohydrates as substrates

C1.3 Photosynthesis

C2.1 Chemical signalling [HL only]

C2.2 Neural signalling

C3.1 Integration of body systems

C3.2 Defence against disease

C4.1 Populations and communities

C4.2 Transfers of energy and matter

D Continuity and Change

D1.1 DNA replication

D1.2 Protein synthesis

D1.3 Mutation and gene editing

D2.1 Cell and nuclear division

D2.2 Gene expression [HL only]

D2.3 Water potential

D3.1 Reproduction

D3.2 Inheritance

D3.3 Homeostasis

D4.1 Natural selection

D4.2 Stability and change

D4.3 Climate change

IB Biology HL C1.2.10 (HL)—Anaerobic respiration in yeast Question Bank

• Yeast converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO₂ during alcoholic fermentation

• Fermentation regenerates NAD for glycolysis and is used in baking and brewing

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