A Unity and Diversity

A1.1 Water

A1.2 Nucleic acids

A2.1 Origins of cells

A2.2 Cell structure

A2.3 Viruses [HL only]

A3.1 Diversity of organisms

A3.2 Classification and cladistics [HL only]

A4.1 Evolution and speciation

A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity

B Form and Function

B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids

B1.2 Proteins

B1.2.1—Generalized amino acid structure

B1.2.2—Condensation reactions

B1.2.3—Dietary amino acids

B1.2.4—Infinite variety of peptide chains

B1.2.5—Effect of pH and temperature

B1.2.6 (HL)—Chemical diversity in R-groups

B1.2.7 (HL)—Primary structure impact

B1.2.8 (HL)—Secondary structure

B1.2.9 (HL)—Tertiary structure

B1.2.10 (HL)—Effect of polar/non-polar amino acids

B1.2.11 (HL)—Quaternary structure

B1.2.12 (HL)—Globular vs. fibrous proteins

B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport

B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization

B2.3 Cell specialization

B3.1 Gas exchange

B3.2 Transport

B3.3 Muscle and motility [HL only]

B4.1 Adaptation to environment

B4.2 Ecological niches

C Interaction and Interdependence

C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism

C1.2 Cell respiration

C1.3 Photosynthesis

C2.1 Chemical signalling [HL only]

C2.2 Neural signalling

C3.1 Integration of body systems

C3.2 Defence against disease

C4.1 Populations and communities

C4.2 Transfers of energy and matter

D Continuity and Change

D1.1 DNA replication

D1.2 Protein synthesis

D1.3 Mutation and gene editing

D2.1 Cell and nuclear division

D2.2 Gene expression [HL only]

D2.3 Water potential

D3.1 Reproduction

D3.2 Inheritance

D3.3 Homeostasis

D4.1 Natural selection

D4.2 Stability and change

D4.3 Climate change

IB Biology HL B1.2.11 (HL)—Quaternary structure Question Bank

• Quaternary structure joins two or more polypeptide chains into one functional protein

• Haemoglobin is conjugated: four globin chains plus haem groups with iron

• Insulin and collagen are non-conjugated examples stabilized by disulfide bonds or triple helices

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