Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• All cells arise from pre-existing parent cells by cell division • Division produces daughter cells for growth, replacement, repair, or reproduction
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Learning objective
• Cytokinesis splits cytoplasm after nuclear division • Animal cells use a contractile ring; plant cells form a vesicle-derived cell plate
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Learning objective
• Equal cytokinesis gives daughter cells similar amounts of cytoplasm • Unequal cytokinesis occurs in oogenesis and yeast budding
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Learning objective
• Mitosis maintains chromosome number for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction • Meiosis halves chromosome number for gametes and generates genetic diversity
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Learning objective
• DNA replication in interphase produces chromosomes with sister chromatids • Sister chromatids remain joined at centromeres until separation
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Learning objective
• Mitosis and meiosis both condense chromatin into movable chromosomes • Histones, nucleosomes, spindle microtubules, and motor proteins organize movement
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Learning objective
• Prophase condenses chromosomes; metaphase aligns them at the equator • Anaphase separates chromatids; telophase reforms nuclei, producing identical nuclei
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Learning objective
• Mitosis phases are identified in diagrams, micrographs, and root-tip squashes • Chromosome condensation, equator alignment, separation, and nuclear membranes are cues
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Learning objective
• Meiosis has two nuclear divisions after one round of DNA replication • Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I, producing haploid nuclei
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Learning objective
• Non-disjunction is failed separation of homologues or sister chromatids in meiosis • Down syndrome usually results from trisomy 21 after non-disjunction
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Learning objective
• Crossing over at chiasmata exchanges DNA between non-sister chromatids • Random orientation of bivalents and fertilization create new allele combinations
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Learning objective
• Cell proliferation increases cell number by repeated mitosis • Examples include plant meristems, early embryos, skin replacement, and wound healing
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Learning objective
• The cell cycle includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis • Interphase has G1 growth, S-phase DNA replication, and G2 preparation
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Learning objective
• Interphase is metabolically active, not a resting state • Cells synthesize proteins, replicate DNA, grow cytoplasm, and increase organelles
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Learning objective
• Cyclin concentrations rise and fall to activate cyclin-dependent kinases • CDK-cyclin complexes such as MPF control checkpoints and mitosis entry
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Learning objective
• Proto-oncogene activation and tumour suppressor loss disrupt checkpoints • Accumulated mutations can cause uncontrolled proliferation and cancer
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Learning objective
• Benign tumours grow locally; malignant tumours invade neighbouring tissues • Metastasis spreads cancer cells to form secondary tumours
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