Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Produces exact DNA copies before cell division • Maintains genetic continuity for reproduction, growth, and tissue replacement
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Learning objective
• Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand • Complementary base pairing gives accurate copying; Meselson-Stahl isotope evidence supports the model
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Learning objective
• Helicase unwinds DNA and breaks hydrogen bonds between strands • DNA polymerase joins complementary nucleotides to build new strands
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Learning objective
• PCR amplifies selected DNA using primers, temperature cycles, and Taq polymerase • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size and charge
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Learning objective
• PCR and gel electrophoresis support DNA profiling • Applications include forensic identification and paternity testing
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Learning objective
• DNA strands have 5' and 3' ends • DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end, so new DNA forms 5' to 3'
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Learning objective
• Leading strand synthesis is continuous; lagging strand synthesis is discontinuous • Lagging strand forms Okazaki fragments using repeated RNA primers
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Learning objective
• Prokaryotic model: primase, DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, and ligase • Primase starts, polymerases extend/replace primers, and ligase joins fragments
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Learning objective
• DNA polymerase III removes mismatched nucleotides from the 3' end • Proofreading improves copying accuracy and reduces mutations
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