Edexcel IAL Chemistry 18.4 benzene reagents and reactions

Choose the reagent-catalyst pair from the product: ethanoyl chloride and AlCl3 gives phenylethanone, while fuming sulfuric acid gives benzenesulfonic acid.

Exam points

Select ethanoyl chloride and AlCl3 for Friedel-Crafts acylation to phenylethanone.
Identify fuming sulfuric acid as sulfuric acid containing dissolved SO3.
Control nitration conditions to avoid further substitution or side products.

[Maximum number: 2]

The synthetic drugs of the 'Caine' family are used as local anaesthetics. Caine drugs prevent nerve activity by binding to sodium channel receptors in the lipid cell membranes of neurons.

benzocaine

procaine

lidocaine

articaine

Lidocaine can be prepared in the synthesis shown.

Step 1

Step 3

lidocaine

A low yield of 2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene is obtained in Step 1 due to the formation of additional organic products.

Give possible structures for two additional organic products.

An answer that makes reference to the following points:

- structure of 2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene

- structure of 3,5-dimethylnitrobenzene

Figure for Answer to Question 18.4—The following reactions of benzene question 1 — Edexcel A-Level Chemistry A2

Allow structures with di-, tri- or tetranitro substitution

Ignore connectivity of $\mathrm{NO}_{2}$ group

Penalise omission of delocalised ring once only

Examples of structures:

(2)

Graduate

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18.4—The following reactions of benzene question 1